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Rashin damuwa bayan tashin hankali (PTSD) yana da alaƙa da rashin ƙarfi a cikin ikon kawar da martanin tsoro ga alamu masu alaƙa da rauni.Nazarin ɗan adam da na dabba suna nuna bambance-bambance a cikin shigar da wasu wurare na gaban cortex a matsayin masu shiga tsakani masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke tabbatar da nasarar hana tsoro, amma haɗin gwiwar da'irar jijiyoyi da ke ƙayyade bambancin shigar da waɗannan wuraren ba a bayyana ba.Don ƙarin fahimtar yadda bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin tunawa da ɓarna ke nunawa a cikin bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan da'irar neuronal, mun sanya alamar tsinkaya daga bera sublimbic cortex (IL) tare da masu gano koma baya da kuma kwatanta tsinkayar neuronal ciki da waje na IL tsinkayar neurons.Mun yi nazarin waɗannan bayanan, tare da tattara su bisa ga matakin adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ke ɓacewa a cikin berayen.Mun gano cewa a cikin ƙwayoyin IL-projecting, neurons a cikin parathalamus na baya sun nuna ƙara yawan aiki a cikin berayen, wanda ya nuna kyakkyawan tunawa.Baya ga sel masu aiwatar da aikin IL, an sami ƙarin ayyukan Fos a cikin zaɓaɓɓun wurare na claustrum na bera da hippocampus na ventral tare da ƙuduri mai kyau.Sakamakonmu yana nuna cewa bambance-bambance a cikin tunawa da bacewar suna da alaƙa da takamaiman alamu na ayyukan jijiyoyi a ciki da wajen hasashen IL.
Tsarin tsoro yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka haɗa wani abin motsa jiki na tsaka-tsaki tare da abin da ba a yarda da shi ba (UCS), irin su ainihin abin da ke motsa jiki, yanzu abin da ya dace (CS), yana haifar da amsawar tsoro (CR) a cikin rashin UCS.Juya yanayin tsoro ya haifar da raguwar CR zuwa CS saboda maimaita gabatarwar CS a cikin rashin UCS1.Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa rashin jin daɗi bayan tashin hankali (PTSD) yana da alaƙa da rashin iya tunawa da bacewar martanin jin tsoro2.ginshiƙin farfagandar halayya na fahimi don maganin rashin lafiyar bayan tashin hankali shine maganin bayyanarwa dangane da bacewar martanin tsoro da aka koya3,4.Sabili da haka, nazarin bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin tsoro na ɓarna rodent da ƙananan hanyoyin jijiyoyi na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin martanin ɗan adam ga raunin da ya faru da kuma maganin rashin lafiyar danniya.Duk da ci gaban da aka samu wajen gano hanyoyin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke bambance nasara da abubuwan da ba su yi nasara ba, akwai sauran abubuwa da za a gano.
Samfuran rodent suna da amfani a cikin wannan aikin saboda akwai bambance-bambance na mutum-mutumi masu mahimmanci a cikin tunawa da ɓarna rodent7,8,9,10.Ayyukan da suka gabata da ke binciken hanyoyin jijiyar jijiya na rashin tsoro a matakin yawan jama'a ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar kunnawa na infralibic cortex (IL) don tunawa da ƙarewa (refs 11, 12, 13, amma duba 14), kuma wasu nazarin sun sami raguwa a cikin aikin rodent a cikin IL yana nuna ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya game da ɓarna idan aka kwatanta da rodents, waɗanda ake jin tsoro sosai.Koyaya, hanyoyin da ILs ke da hannu daban-daban wajen sauƙaƙe kawar da tsoro a cikin rodents idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke nuna ƙarancin ƙarancin ba su da tabbas.
Wata yuwuwar ita ce bambance-bambance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarnawar tsoro tsakanin mutane sakamakon bambance-bambancen kunnawa na takamaiman ILs.Nazarin ilimin halitta18 ya nuna cewa wurare daban-daban na cortical da subcortical na kwakwalwa suna aika tsinkaya mai yawa zuwa IL, wanda hakan ke aika tsinkaya ga yawancin sassan kwakwalwa.Nazarin matakin yawan jama'a ya nuna cewa tsinkayar IL zuwa amygdala yana da mahimmanci don samun ƙarancin tsoro20,21,22 da shigarwar IL daga basolateral amygdala (BLA) kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar koyo.Akwai ƙarancin bincike game da shigar da da'irori na IL a cikin abin tunawa, kodayake aikin kwanan nan ya nuna cewa duka ventral da dorsal hippocampus suna da hannu cikin tsinkayar IL.Hasashen ƙwanƙwasa na IL zuwa haɗin haɗin gwiwa na thalamus, a fili, kuma suna shiga cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarnar tsoro.
Waɗannan karatun da suka gabata sun fara zana hoto na hulɗar da'irar jijiyoyi da ke tattare da tunawa da ƙarewa, amma akwai ƙananan bayanai game da ko aiki a cikin da'irar jijiyar IL-tsakiya yana rinjayar bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin tunawa.Anan, mun nemi sanin ko bambance-bambance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro tsakanin mutane suna da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin kunna shigar da IL a cikin takamaiman yankuna na kwakwalwa.Musamman, mun tantance kunnawar sel afferent na IL a cikin tsakiya na tsakiya na thalamus (PVT), clavicle (CLA), BLA, da ventral hippocampus (vHPC).An zaɓi waɗannan yankuna na kwakwalwa duka saboda sun aika tsinkaya mai yawa zuwa IL kuma saboda akwai dalilin da za a yi la'akari da cewa za su iya shiga cikin bayyanar rashin tsoro 18.Misali, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa PVT, yankin da aka sani yana da hannu cikin samun tsoro da haifuwa, ana buƙatar haifuwa ta ƙare.Bugu da kari, binciken da ya gabata ya nuna karuwar basal amygdala da ayyukan vHPC a cikin berayen da ke bayyana ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.A ƙarshe, nazarin claustrum ya fi bincike ganin cewa babu wani aikin da ya gabata wanda ya kimanta rawar da yake takawa a cikin lalacewa.Koyaya, aikin kwanan nan yana nuna cewa yana taka rawa a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayin tsoro29.
Viral GFP-conjugated retrograde tracers an allura a cikin IL na berayen kafin gwajin hali, kuma an auna ayyukan Fos a cikin IL afferents yayin sake kunnawa bacewa, tunawa da tsoro, kuma a cikin berayen da ba a yi gwajin ɗabi'a ba.Sakamakonmu yana nuna cewa tsinkaya daga thalamus na baya zuwa IL yana nuna ƙarin ayyuka a cikin berayen waɗanda suka yi nasarar tunawa da bacewa.Baya ga tsinkayar IL, ayyukan jijiyoyi a wasu yankuna na clavicle da hippocampus na ciki sun karu a cikin berayen da suka koma da kyau.Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa alamu na ayyukan jijiyoyi na ciki da na waje waɗanda aka tsara akan IL suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna na tsoro.
An yi amfani da berayen Sprague-Dawley manya hamsin da huɗu (300-325 g akan isowa) waɗanda aka samu daga Laboratories na Charles River (Raleigh, NC) azaman batutuwa.An ajiye berayen bibbiyu, tare da samun abinci da ruwa kyauta, akan zagayowar haske/duhu na sa'o'i 12 (fitilu a karfe 7 na safe).An yi amfani da ƙungiyoyi biyu na berayen (n = 28 da n = 26) don waɗannan gwaje-gwajen.Bayan cirewar mutuwa, kuskuren tiyata, rashin bayyanar GFP a wurin da aka yi niyya, rashin kyawun nama, da matsalolin hali (wanda aka bayyana a cikin Hanyoyi), ƙungiyar tunawa da ɓarna sun haɗa da ratsan 21 da ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro sun haɗa da ratsan 7, cages na gida.ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi berayen 7 (rataye 35 sun haɗa a cikin bincike na ƙarshe).Kwamitin Kula da Dabbobi na Cibiyar Kula da Dabbobi na Jami'ar Stony Brook ya amince da dukkan hanyoyin kuma sun yi daidai da ka'idojin ARRIVE (https://arriveguidelines.org) da kuma Jagoran NIH don Kulawa da Amfani da Dabbobin Laboratory.
An yi wa beraye magani kwanaki biyu kafin a yi musu tiyata.An yi amfani da berayen tare da ketamine (87 mg / kg) da xylazine (10 mg / kg), an sanya su a cikin na'urar stereotaxic (Stoelting, Woodale, IL) kuma sun karɓi allurar guda ɗaya na AAVrg-CAG-GFP (Addgene, 30) cikin IL.(daidaita alluran hagu da dama).Don allura, an saukar da cannula mai ma'auni 22 zuwa wurin (AP: + 3.00, ML: ± 0.6, DV: - 5.2).Saka cannula na ciki na 28G (wanda aka haɗa da famfon jiko ta hanyar tubing PE 20) a cikin cannula jagora don isar da 0.6 µl na ƙwayar cuta a ƙimar 0.15 µl a cikin minti ɗaya kuma barin wuri na mintuna 5 bayan jiko ya ƙare..Bayan sutudi, an yi wa berayen allura da meloxicam (1 mg/kg) kuma da zaran sun sami damar motsawa sai a mayar da su cikin kejinsu.An ajiye berayen a cikin kejinsu na kimanin makonni 7 don ba da damar dawo da kwayar cutar da jigilar kaya.Beraye uku sun mutu a karkashin maganin sa barci, wanda ya sa beraye 51 (94%) sun murmure cikin nasara daga tiyata.
An yi duk hanyoyin a cikin 32 cm × 25 cm × 21 cm ɗakunan kwandishan (Clever Systems Inc., Reston, VA) da aka ajiye a cikin 45.7 cm × 43.2 cm × 43.2 cm akwatunan keɓewar sauti (Clever Sys. Inc.).).A yayin zaman koyo da bacewar bacewar, an canza mahallin ya bambanta da ainihin yanayin yanayin yanayi.Yanayin A (ƙarar tsoro) sun haɗa da 28-volt incandescent, fitilun fitilu na gida (Chicago Micro Lighting, UK), yayin da yanayin B ( horon ƙarewa, gwajin tunawa da bacewar tsoro, da gwajin tunawa da tsoro) sun haɗa da fitilun LED infrared (Univivi IR Illuminator, Shenzhen) ., China;U48R).Bugu da kari, yayin da yanayin A yana da bene mai karewa tare da bakin karfe da bangon plexiglass, Yanayin B yana ƙunshe da fentin ƙarfe da aka sanya a ƙasa da bango.Hakanan an canza siffar yanayin B ta hanyar sanya 33.5 cm x 21.3 cm mai lanƙwasa saka ƙarfe a cikin daidaitaccen ɗaki.Bugu da ƙari, a cikin mahallin A an shafe ɗakunan da 5% acetic acid, yayin da a cikin mahallin B an shafe ɗakunan da 5% ammonium hydroxide.A ƙarshe, a cikin mahallin B, an kawo berayen a cikin ɗakin gwaji a cikin buckets maimakon a yi birgima a cikin keji a kan kuloli.An yi rikodin zaman ɗabi'a tare da babban kyamarar, kuma siginar bidiyo daga kowace kamara an ciyar da shi cikin software (FreezeScan 2.00, Clever Sys. Inc., Reston, VA) waɗanda ke kimanta halayen faɗuwa bisa canje-canjen pixel.An zaɓi ma'auni ta yadda yanayin faɗuwar da kwamfutar ta ƙiyasta ya yi daidai da halayen ƙwararrun masu sa ido da aka kiyasta da hannu.Ƙimar da ke nuna adadin lokacin daskare da aka yi birgima a cikin tazarar daƙiƙa 30.
Ana yin duk shirye-shiryen ɗabi'a yayin ɓangaren haske na zagayowar haske/ duhu.An bi da berayen kwanaki 5 kafin fara hanyoyin halayen kuma an kai su ɗakin ɗabi'a na kwanaki uku na ƙarshe na jiyya.A ranar farko ta gwajin ɗabi'a, an sanya ƙungiyar tunawa da berayen a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayin tsoro, sannan aka sanya su cikin mahallin A, an ba da lokacin haɓakawa na 6 min mara kuzari, sannan aka ba da haɗin gwiwar 4 kHz, 76 dB, 30 s. .sautin da ƙarewar gabaɗaya, 1.0 mA, harbi 1 s (2 min ITI).Don duk horarwar ɗabi'a, an mayar da berayen zuwa cages 2 min bayan gabatarwar ƙarshe na abin ƙarfafawa.Kashegari, an sanya berayen daga rukunin tunowa a cikin mahallin ɗakin B kuma an gabatar da gabatar da sauti na 20 (2 min ITI) azaman horarwar ƙarewa bayan lokacin zama na 6 min.Kashegari, berayen da ke cikin rukunin haifuwa na ɓarna an fallasa su zuwa sautuna 4 a cikin mahallin B bayan lokacin haɓakawa na mintuna 6 azaman gwajin ɓarna.Berayen da ke cikin rukunin ƙwaƙƙwaran ɓarna an tura su mintuna 60 bayan zaman ɗabi'a.Ƙungiya na berayen masu sarrafa abubuwan da ke haifar da tunanin tsoro an yi su a cikin hanya iri ɗaya a ranar farko ta yanayin jin tsoro a cikin mahallin A. Sa'o'i arba'in da takwas bayan haka, an sanya berayen a cikin dakin mahallin B kuma an gabatar da su ga 4 audio gabatarwa (2- minti ITI) azaman gwajin tunawa.tsoro bayan lokacin haɓakawa na mintuna 6.An zubar da berayen mintuna 60 bayan zaman ɗabi'a.Ƙungiyar berayen da ke kula da gida sun kasance a cikin kejin gidansu a duk lokacin gwajin kuma an shafe su a rana ɗaya da berayen na gwaji.An raba kowane rukuni biyu na berayen zuwa jeri biyu, kuma adadin dabbobin da ke cikin kowane rukuni ya daidaita tsakanin jeri.An cire bera ɗaya a cikin rukunin tunanin tsoro daga binciken saboda bai nuna alamun sanyin tsoro ba (daskarewa ƙasa da 15% na lokacin lokacin gwajin tunanin tsoro).Dubi Hoto 2A don zane na tsarin tafiyar lokaci.
An cika berayen tare da maganin Fatal Plus (100 mg/kg), sannan an rusa su da kankara-sanyi 10% PBS sannan 10% buffered formalin.An cire kwakwalwar kuma an adana shi a cikin maganin sucrose na 30% a cikin formalin a 4 ° C na kusan mako 1.Sannan kwakwalwar ta daskare kuma aka yanke ta zuwa cikin kauri na 40 µm.An adana sassan a jere a cikin 10% PBS a 4 ° C.Sa'an nan kuma, an yi immunofluorescence a kan sassan masu yawo na kyauta wanda ke dauke da yankin kwakwalwa na sha'awa.An wanke sassan sau 3 a cikin 10% PBS don 5 min kowane.An sanya sassan a cikin 5% toshe maganin maganin akuya na al'ada na awanni 2 a cikin zafin jiki, sannan a wanke karin sau uku na mintuna 5 kowanne a cikin 10% PBS.Sa'an nan kuma an shigar da sassan a cikin dare a 4 ° C. a cikin ƙwayoyin rigakafi na farko (c-Fos, # 2250, 1: 500) (Siginar salula, Danvers, MA) a cikin 1% BSA a cikin 10% PBS.Kashegari, an wanke sassan a cikin 10% PBS na 30 min a 4 ° C, sa'an nan kuma sau 3 don 5 min a cikin 10% PBS kuma an sanya shi tare da maganin rigakafi na biyu (Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit, ja conjugate, 1:500). ).(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) a dakin da zafin jiki na 2 hours.Bayan ƙarin wanka na 3 a cikin 10% PBS na minti 5, an sanya sassan a kan nunin faifan gilashi kuma an rufe su da Fluoromount-G (Invitrogen).Dubi hotunan wakilan rigakafi a cikin hoto 3G.
An yi amfani da microscope mai kyalli ta amfani da kyamarar dijital Infinity3 (Lumenera, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) da injin haske (Lumencor, Beaverton, OR) da aka haɗa da microscope na Zeiss don samun hotuna daga kowane yanki na kwakwalwar sha'awa, gami da sassan da ke ɗauke da su. IL ba tare da immunofluorescence ba.an yi don tabbatar da daidai wurin wurin allurar.Hotunan da aka yi amfani da su don ƙidayar tantanin halitta an samu su a haɓaka 20x.Ga kowane sashe na nama, ɗauki hoto ɗaya tare da tacewa wanda ke ba da damar hangen nesa na GFP da hoto ɗaya tare da tacewa wanda ke ba da damar hangen nesa na Alexa Fluor ja a cikin antibody na sakandare, kuma an yi amfani da software na hoto (Infinity Analyze, sigar 3) don hoto. mai rufi.Nemo duk hotuna na duk sassan kwakwalwa ta amfani da lokacin fallasa iri ɗaya kuma sami saitunan.An cire berayen shida daga binciken saboda babban watsa kwayar cutar ya faru a wajen IL (88% hit rate).An cire ƙarin berayen takwas saboda, duk da kwayar cutar ta kai hari ga IL, ba su nuna isassun maganganun GFP ba a cikin duk yankuna masu sha'awar ƙwaƙwalwa.Bugu da kari, an cire bera daya saboda rashin ingancin nama.
Daidaita haske da bambanci don rage hayaniyar bango a cikin hoton J (NIH) ta amfani da hanya iri ɗaya don kowane hoto.Ƙididdigar tantanin halitta don jimillar sel masu lakabin retrograde, jimillar sel masu lakabin Fos, da jimillar sel masu lakabi biyu an yi su da hannu ta mai gwaji, wanda bai gano dabbobin ba, ta amfani da filogin Hoton J cytometer.An daidaita kididdigar tantanin halitta zuwa sel/mm2.Don nazarin maganganun Fos a cikin sel masu aikin IL, adadin sel masu lakabi biyu an daidaita su zuwa jimlar adadin sel masu lakabin retrograde.Don nazarin mBLA, mvHPC da pvHPC, ƙididdigar tantanin halitta daga hotuna 20x da yawa an tattara su kuma an daidaita su zuwa sel/mm2.Don nazarin sauran yankuna na kwakwalwa, an bincika hoton 20x ko wani yanki na hoton 20x kuma an daidaita shi zuwa sel / mm2.Binciken vHPC ya haɗa da CA1, CA2 da ƙananan yankuna vHPC.Hoto na 1 yana nuna yankunan kwakwalwa da aka bincika tare da hotuna da ke nuna iyakar gaba da baya na jirgin.
Gajartawa da wuri na yankunan kwakwalwa na sha'awa.Bayanin gajarta da wurare na yankunan kwakwalwa da aka bayar a cikin rubutun.Taswirar kwakwalwar yankin jama'a da aka ɗauko daga Swanson (2004) Taswirar Ƙwaƙwalwa: Tsarin Ƙwaƙwalwar Rat, 3rd Edition, mai lasisi a ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ 4.0) ./), akwai don saukewa a https://larrywswanson.com.
Matsakaicin adadin lokacin daskare akan lokacin sake kunna sautin na biyu 30, ban da tsaka-tsaki.An ƙididdige ƙimar tunawa ta ƙare ta hanyar bayyana adadin lokacin fade yayin tunawa da ɓarna a matsayin adadin fade yayin gwajin horo na 4 na farko (fade yayin sautunan tunawa huɗu / fade yayin sautunan horo huɗu na farko * 100).Ƙananan ƙididdiga suna nuna kyakkyawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai kyau, kuma manyan ƙididdiga suna nuna rashin ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.An jera berayen ta hanyar makin tunawa da bacewa, tare da berayen a saman kashi na uku na makin tunawa da aka ware su azaman “Berayen da ba su da kyau” da kuma berayen a cikin kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙimar tunawa da bacewar an rarraba su a matsayin “mai kyau”.Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar beraye.
Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen marasa daidaituwa saboda bayanan galibi suna keta zato game da rarrabawar al'ada da/ko kamanni na bambance-bambance.An yi amfani da ma'auni na Spearman don sanin ko akwai wata ƙungiya mai mahimmanci tsakanin ƙididdigar tunawa da ƙarewa da alamun Fos da alamomi biyu a cikin sassan kwakwalwa na sha'awar duk berayen da aka yi gwajin tunawa da bacewar.An yi amfani da gwajin Mann-Whitney U don tantance ko akwai bambanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu.Ana amfani da gwajin Kruskal-Wallis don sanin ko ƙungiyoyi 2 ko fiye sun bambanta da juna, kuma ana amfani da gwajin kwatancen Dunn da yawa lokacin da kididdigar Kruskal-Wallis ke da mahimmanci.An ƙididdige dusar ƙanƙara yayin ilmantarwa ta hanyar amfani da maimaita ma'auni na nazarin bambance-bambance tare da rukuni a matsayin tsaka-tsakin jigo da gwaji a matsayin abun ciki na ciki. An yi la'akari da sakamako masu mahimmanci lokacin da p <0.05 don duk gwaje-gwajen ƙididdiga. An yi la'akari da sakamako masu mahimmanci lokacin da p <0.05 don duk gwaje-gwajen ƙididdiga. Результаты считались значимыми при p <0,05 для всех статистических тестов. An dauki sakamako mai mahimmanci a p <0.05 don duk gwaje-gwajen ƙididdiga.当所有统计检验的p <0.05 时，结果被认为是显着的。当所有统计检验的p <0.05 时，结果被认为是显着的。 Результаты считались значимыми при p <0,05 для всех статистических тестов. An dauki sakamako mai mahimmanci a p <0.05 don duk gwaje-gwajen ƙididdiga.
Hoto na 2 yana nuna lokacin gwajin gwaji (Hoto 2A) da kuma rarraba mitar duk berayen da aka lalata (Hoto 2B). Rats a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu kyau da marasa kyau sun bambanta sosai a cikin waɗannan ƙididdiga masu ƙididdigewa (U = 0, p <0.001) (Fig. 2C). Rats a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu kyau da marasa kyau sun bambanta sosai a cikin waɗannan ƙididdiga masu ƙididdigewa (U = 0, p <0.001) (Fig. 2C). Крысы в ​​групpah с хорошим и плохим угашениеm zanachytelno izlichalis PO эtym расчитанныm показел (0), 0 (0). Berayen a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɓarna masu kyau da marasa kyau sun bambanta sosai a cikin waɗannan ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙimar tunawa (U=0, p<0.001) (Hoto 2C).在这些计算的灭绝回忆分数中，良好和不良灭绝组中的大鼠存在显着差异（U = 0）） U = 0, p <0.001) (da 2C, . A cikin waɗannan ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙimar tunawa, berayen a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu kyau da marasa galihu sun bambanta sosai (U = 0, p <0.001) (Hoto 2C).Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a lokacin daskarewa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tare da ƙarewa mai kyau, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, da kuma tunawa da tsoro a lokacin lokacin tushe na yanayin jin tsoro (X2 (2) = 2.746, p = 0.253) (Hoto 2D).Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin gabatar da sautin farko na yanayin jin tsoro, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin lokacin daskarewa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tare da kyakkyawan lalacewa, rashin lalacewa da kuma tunawa da tsoro (X2 (2) = 1.107, p = 0.575), kamar yadda da kuma a lokacin tsoro a lokacin sautunan na biyu.A lokacin zaman kwanciyar hankali, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a lokacin daskarewa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tare da lalacewa mai kyau, rashin lalacewa, da tunawa da tsoro (X2 (2) = 2.214, p = 0.331) (Hoto 2D).Har ila yau, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a lokacin fade tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu kyau da marasa kyau a lokacin lokacin horo na ƙarshe (U = 45.00, p = 0.799) (Hoto 2D). Na gaba, akwai babban tasiri mai mahimmanci na toshewar gwaji (sautuna 5 a kowace toshe) akan lokacin da aka kashe daskarewa yayin zaman horo na ƙarewa (F (2.884, 54.80) = 8.331, p <0.001), yana nuna cewa koyan ɓarna ya faru (Fig. 2D). ). Na gaba, akwai babban tasiri mai mahimmanci na toshewar gwaji (sautuna 5 a kowace toshe) akan lokacin da aka kashe daskarewa yayin zaman horo na ƙarewa (F (2.884, 54.80) = 8.331, p <0.001), yana nuna cewa koyan ɓarna ya faru (Fig. 2D). ). Затем наблюдался значительный основной эффект пробного блока (5 тонов на блок) на время, затрачиваемое на замирание во время тренировки угашения (F (2,884, 54,80) = 8,331, p <0,001), что указывает на то, что обучение угашению происходило ( nuni. 2D). Sa'an nan kuma akwai babban tasiri mai mahimmanci na toshewar gwaji (sautuna 5 a kowace toshe) akan lokacin da aka ɗauka don daskare yayin horo na ƙarewa (F (2.884, 54.80) = 8.331, p <0.001), yana nuna cewa ilmantarwa yana faruwa (Figure). ku 2D). ).接下载, 块 消退 训练 期间, 块块 (块块 (每 块 5 音) 有 的主主 效应 (F (331) = 8.331, 表明 发生 了 消退 学习 (图 2d)) .接下载, 块 消退 训练 期间, 块块 (块块 (每 块 5 音) 有 的主主 效应 (F (331) = 8.331, 表明 发生 了 消退 学习 (图 2d)) . Затем, во время обучения угашению, пробные блоки (5 тонов на блок) оказали значительное основное влияние на время замирания (F (2,884, 54,80) = 8,331, p <0,001), что указывает на то, что обучение угашению происходило (рис ku 2D). Sa'an nan kuma, a lokacin koyo na ƙarewa, tubalan gwaji ( sautunan 5 a kowace toshe) suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan lokacin fade (F (2.884, 54.80) = 8.331, p <0.001), yana nuna cewa ilmantarwa yana faruwa (Fig. .2D) .Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ɓarna (F (1, 19) = 3.091, p = 0.095) ba ta da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan lokacin fade a duk lokacin horo na ƙarewa, kuma babu wata hulɗar tsakanin toshewar gwaji da ƙungiyar ɓarna (F (4) , 19)).76) = 1.890, p = 0.121) (Fig. 2D). A lokacin zaman gwaji, an sami babban bambanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin lalacewa, da kuma ƙungiyoyin tunawa da tsoro a cikin lokacin da aka kashe daskarewa a lokacin lokacin asali (X2 (2) = 8.569, p = 0.014) irin wannan abin da ake kira tsoro ya daskare sosai. fiye da rukunin ɓarna mai kyau (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 10.57, p = 0.017), amma ba ƙungiyar ɓarna mara kyau ba (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = - 3.714, p> 0.999) (Fig. 2D). A lokacin zaman gwaji, an sami babban bambanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin lalacewa, da kuma ƙungiyoyin tunawa da tsoro a cikin lokacin da aka kashe daskarewa a lokacin lokacin asali (X2 (2) = 8.569, p = 0.014) irin wannan abin da ake kira tsoro ya daskare sosai. fiye da rukunin ɓarna mai kyau (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 10.57, p = 0.017), amma ba ƙungiyar ɓarna mara kyau ba (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = - 3.714, p> 0.999) (Fig. 2D).A lokacin zaman gwaji, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, ɓarna mara kyau, da kuma ƙungiyoyin tunawa da tsoro a cikin lokacin da aka kashe daskarewa a lokacin lokacin asali (X2 (2) = 8.569, p = 0.014), kamar yadda ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro ta daskare. muhimmanci .больше, чем в группе хорошего вымирания (средняя разница рангов = 10,57, p = 0,017), но не в группе плохого вымирания (средняя разница рангов = -3,714, p> 0,999) (рис. 2D). ya fi girma a cikin ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 10.57, p = 0.017) amma ba a cikin rukunin ɓarna mara kyau ba (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = -3.714, p> 0.999) (Hoto 2D).测期间, 不良 消退组 退组 和 恐惧回忆组 在 基线期 冻结 时间 方面 存在 显着 差异 (x2 (2) = 8.569, 因此 超过 回忆组 的 的显着 的 灭绝 的 组（平均秩差= 10.57，p = 0.017），但不是差的灭绝组（平均秩差= - 3.714，p > 0.999）））））测, 良好 消退组, 消 退组 和 恐惧 在 显着 差异 方面 存在 差异 (2) = 8.569, p = 0.014), 恐惧 组组 显着 组 组 组组 组 组 组组 组 组（平均秩差= 10.57，p = 0.017），但不是差绝组（平均秩差= - 3.714，p > 0.99； В течение периода тестирования наблюдалась значительная разница между группой с хорошим угашением, группой с плохим угашением и группой с припоминанием страха с точки зрения времени замирания на исходном уровне (X2 (2) = 8,569, p = 0,014), поэтому припоминание страха группа замерзает значительно чаще . A lokacin gwajin gwaji, an sami babban bambanci tsakanin ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau, ƙungiyar ɓarna mara kyau, da ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro dangane da lokacin daskarewa a asali (X2 (2) = 8.569, p = 0.014), don haka tsoro ya tuna. ƙungiyar tana daskarewa akai-akai fiye da ƙungiyar tare da bacewa mai kyau (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 10.57, p = 0.017) amma ba ƙungiyar da ba ta da kyau ba (bambancin matsayi = -3.714, p> 0.999) (Hoto 2D).Ƙungiya mai kyau, ƙungiyar ɓarna mara kyau, da ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro suma suna da lokuta daban-daban na fade yayin gabatar da sautin zaman gwajin (X2 (2) = 14.93, p = 0.001), don haka rukunin ɓarna mai kyau ya ragu sosai. lokaci.lokacin daskarewa fiye da a cikin rukunin ɓarna mai rauni (ma'anar matsakaicin matsayi = 9.286, p = 0.044) da ƙungiyar ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 13.86, p = 0.001) (Fig. 2D).
Bambance-bambancen daidaikun mutane a cikin tunowar bacewa.(A) Bayanin hanyoyin tiyata da halaye.(B) Rarraba mitoci yana nuna bambance-bambancen daidaikun mutane a cikin ɓarna makin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.(C) Shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin da aka tsara bisa ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdigewa suna wakiltar nau'i biyu daban-daban.(D) Ma'ana yawan adadin berayen lokacin daskare don mummunan bacewa, kyakkyawan bacewa, da tunawa da tsoro a cikin sel na biyu na 30 na yanayin yanayin jin tsoro, cikin sautunan 20, 30 s, sun rushe cikin tubalan 5 yayin zaman koyo na bacewa ( sautuna 4 ) .kowanne), kuma a cikin sautuna huɗu a cikin zaman abubuwan tunawa da faɗuwa da tunanin tsoro.Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkatacciyar ma'ana. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001. * р < 0,05, ** р < 0,01, *** р < 0,001, ****р < 0,0001. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001. *p <0.05,**p <0.01,***p <0.001,****p <0.0001. *p <0.05,**p <0.01,***p <0.001,****p <0.0001. * р < 0,05, ** р < 0,01, *** р < 0,001, ****р < 0,0001. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001.
An shigar da alamar retrograde a cikin IL (Fig. 3A) kuma an ƙayyade adadin GFP + sel tare da gefen gaba da baya na yankin sha'awa (Fig. 3B-F).Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin GFP + tsakanin PVT na baya, tsakiya da na baya (X2 (2) = 8.200, p = 0.017), don haka mPVT ya nuna mahimmancin GFP + sel fiye da aPVT (ma'anar matsayi) Diff.= 18.37, p = 0.035) da pPVT (ma'anar matsayi Diff. = 17.71, p = 0.045) (Fig. 3C).Kodayake dabbobi da yawa ba su gano kowane sel GFP + a cikin pCLA ba kuma saboda haka ba za su iya yin taswira a cikin wannan yanki ba, babu wani babban bambanci tsakanin CLA na gaba, tsakiya, da na baya (X2 (2) = 5.596, p = 0.061).Adadin sel GFP+ (Hoto 3D).Sannan, tunda an sami wasu ƙwayoyin GFP+ a cikin aBLA ko avHPC a cikin beraye da yawa, tsakiyar da bayan waɗannan wuraren ne kawai aka bincika.BLA na tsakiya da na baya (U = 393, p = 0.009) sun bambanta sosai a cikin adadin GFP + sel, don haka pBLA ya nuna alamun IL fiye da mBLA (Hoto 3E).Hakazalika, akwai babban bambanci tsakanin tsakiya da na baya vHPCs, don haka pvHPCs sun nuna ƙarin tsinkayen IL fiye da mvHPCs (U = 403.5, p = 0.014) (Hoto 3F).Hoto 3G hoto ne na misali mai nuna Fos, aavRG-GFP, da sel masu lakabi biyu.
Ƙididdiga IL afferents a cikin dukan yankin kwakwalwa na sha'awa.(A) Matsakaicin tsari na rarraba aavRG-CAG-GFP a cikin duka bera IL.(B) Hotunan wakilci na alamomin koma baya a wurare daban-daban na anteroposterior a cikin yankin kwakwalwa na sha'awa.Ƙididdigar alamar retrograde tare da axis anteroposterior (C) paraventricular thalamus, (D) clavicle, (E) tonsil basolateral, da (F) hippocampus na ventral.(G) Hotunan wakilai suna nuna alamar aavRG ta koma baya, lakabin Fos, da lakabin aavRG biyu da Fos a cikin aPVT.Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkatacciyar ma'ana. *p <0.05, **p <0.01. *p <0.05, **p <0.01. * р < 0,05, ** р < 0,01. *p <0.05, **p <0.01. *p <0.05,**p <0.01. *p <0.05,**p <0.01. * р < 0,05, ** р < 0,01. *p <0.05, **p <0.01.Ma'aunin Sikeli 100µm.An sake buga taswirar kwakwalwar yankin jama'a a cikin panel A daga Swanson (2004) Taswirar Kwakwalwa: Tsarin Kwakwalwar Rat, Buga na 3, mai lasisi a ƙarƙashin Lasisin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙirƙirar 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc) )./4.0/) akwai don saukewa a https://larrywswanson.com.
An bincika takamaiman ayyukan Fos na duniya da IL a cikin aPVT, mPVT da pPVT a cikin duk berayen.Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ɓarna mai kyau, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin aPVT (X2 (3) = 3.888, p = 0.274) (Fig. 4A), kuma babu wata mahimmanci tsakanin Fos. a cikin aPVT tsakanin magana da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (rs = 0.092, p = 0.691) (Figure 4B) ko tsakanin Fos magana a cikin aPVT IL afferents da kuma ƙarewar tunawa (rs = 0.143, p = 0.537) (Hoto 4D).Duk da haka, a cikin aPVT IL afferents, furcin Fos ya bambanta da yawa tsakanin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida (X2 (3) = 15.05, p = 0.002), don haka ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro ta nuna rashin jin dadi.regression (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 11.54, p = 0.003), rashin daidaituwa mara kyau (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 10.57, p = 0.034), da kuma tantanin gida (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 12.79, p = 0.005) ƙungiyoyi (Fig. 4C).Bugu da ari, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ɓarkewa mai kyau, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida na gida don maganganun Fos a cikin mPVT (X2 (3) = 2.272, p = 0.518) (Fig. 4E) da kuma Fos a cikin mPVT..Mahimmanci mai mahimmanci tare da tunawa da ƙarewa (rs = 0.168 p = 0.468) (Hoto 4F).Ko da yake akwai babban bambanci tsakanin mai kyau, mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da kungiyoyin gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin IL afferent mPVT Kwayoyin (X2 (3) = 9.252, p = 0.026), bayan hoc kwatanta bai bayyana ko ɗaya ko biyu ba.Mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyi (Hoto 4G).Bugu da ƙari kuma, babu wani mahimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL-afferent mPVT Kwayoyin da kuma ƙarewar tunawa (rs = 0.174, p = 0.450) (Hoto 4H). Na gaba, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin furcin Fos a cikin pPVT (X2 (3) = 13.89, p = 0.003), irin wannan ƙungiya mai kyau (Ma'anar Rank). Diff. = 14.96, p = 0.010), amma ba maras kyau ba (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 12.86, p = 0.113) ko ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 2.571, p> 0.999), ya nuna karin bayanin Fos fiye da rukunin keji na gida (Fig. 4I). Na gaba, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin furcin Fos a cikin pPVT (X2 (3) = 13.89, p = 0.003), irin wannan ƙungiya mai kyau (Ma'anar Rank). Diff. = 14.96, p = 0.010), amma ba maras kyau ba (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 12.86, p = 0.113) ko ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 2.571, p> 0.999), ya nuna karin bayanin Fos fiye da rukunin keji na gida (Fig. 4I). Далее, наблюдалась значительная разница между группами с хорошим угасанием, плохим угашением, отзывом страха и домашней клеткой в ​​​​экспрессии Fos в pPVT (X2 (3) = 13,89, p = 0,003), так что группа с хорошим угашением (средний ранг Diff. = 14,96, p = 0,010), но не в группе плохого угашения (средняя ранговая разница = 12,86, p = 0,113) или группы воспоминаний о страхе (средняя ранговая разница = 2,571, p > 0,999), демонстрировалась более vыrazhennaya эkspressyya Fos, chem в групе група домашних kletok (ris. 4I). Bugu da ari, akwai babban bambanci tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin ƙarfi mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin sel gida a cikin furcin Fos a cikin pPVT (X2 (3) = 13.89, p = 0.003), don haka ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau (ma'anar darajar Diff. = 14.96, p = 0.010), amma ba a cikin rukunin ɓarna mara kyau ba (ma'anar darajar matsayi = 12.86, p = 0.113) ko ƙungiyar ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 2.571, p> 0.999), ya nuna karin furcin Fos fiye da a ciki. rukunin rukunin gida (Hoto na 4I).其次, ppvt 中 Fos 表达 表达好, 差消, 恐惧 和 家笼组 之间 存在 显着 差异 (x2 (3) = 0.003) 使得 消组 ((ma'ana zama) 0.003) 使得 消组 ((mai ma'ana bambance bambance.= 14.96, p = 0.010)，但不是较差的消退(Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 12.86, p = 0.113) 或恐惧回忆组）= 14.96, p = 0.010)，但不是较差的消退Na biyu, akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin pPVT tsakanin mai kyau, mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida (X2 (3) = 13.89, p = 0.003), yin ƙungiyar cin abinci mai kyau (ma'anar matsayi mai mahimmanci = 14.96)., p = 0,010), но не хуже по угашению (средняя разница рангов = 12,86, p = 0,113) или группе отзыва страха (средняя разница рангов = 2,571, p > 0,999), чем в группе домашней клетки (рис. 4I) . , p = 0.010), amma ba mafi muni a cikin ɓarna (ma'anar matsayi na matsayi = 12.86, p = 0.113) ko ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 2.571, p> 0.999) fiye da rukunin gida (Figure 4I)..Duk da haka, babu wani mahimmancin dangantaka tsakanin pPVT Fos magana da kuma tunawa da ƙarewa (rs = 0.051, p = 0.825) (Hoto 4J).A ƙarshe, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin pPVT IL afferents tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tare da lalata mai kyau, rashin lalacewa, tunanin tsoro, da kuma a cikin sel gida (X2 (3) = 12.34 p = 0.006), don haka mai kyau Fos magana a cikin IL- ya kasance. mafi muni fiye da a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ɓarna (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 12.54, p = 0.014) kuma a cikin tantanin halitta (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 12.89, p = 0.049) (Fig. 4K) kuma yana da dangantaka da IL afferents a cikin pPVT Tsakanin kunnawa da sokewar ɓarna, mafi kyawun tunawa da ɓarna an haɗa shi da ƙara yawan kunna waɗannan IL afferents (rs = -0.438, p = 0.047) (Hoto 4L).
Ayyukan Fos sun karu a cikin IL afferents na na baya paraventricular thalamus (PVT) a cikin berayen, wanda ya nuna koma baya mai kyau.(A) Babu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi a cikin furcin Fos a cikin aPVT.(B) Babu wata mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da tunawa da bacewa a cikin aPVT.(C) Ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro ta nuna ƙarar bayyanar Fos a cikin IL afferents idan aka kwatanta da duk sauran kungiyoyi.(D) Babu wata mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL afferents da tunawa da bacewa a cikin aPVT.(E) Babu wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin mPVT.(F) Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna a cikin mPVT.(G) Maganar Fos a cikin sel na IL afferent a cikin mPVT bai bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba.(H) Babu wani mahimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL afferents da tunawa da bacewa a cikin mPVT.(I) Ƙungiyar da ba ta da kyau, amma babu wata ƙungiya, ta nuna ƙara yawan ayyukan Fos a pPVT idan aka kwatanta da rukunin keji na gida.(J) Babu wata muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da tunawa da bacewar a pPVT.(K) Ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau ta nuna ƙarar bayyanar Fos a cikin sel afferent na IL idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar rashin ƙarfi da kuma rukunin gida.(L) Akwai mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL afferents da kuma tunawa da ɓarna, don haka kyakkyawan tunawa da ƙarewa yana da alaƙa da babban bayanin Fos a cikin IL afferents.Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkatacciyar ma'ana. *p <0.05, **p <0.01. *p <0.05, **p <0.01. * р < 0,05, ** р < 0,01. *p <0.05, **p <0.01. *p <0.05,**p <0.01. *p <0.05,**p <0.01. * р < 0,05, ** р < 0,01. *p <0.05, **p <0.01.
An yi nazarin takamaiman ayyukan Fos na duniya da IL a cikin aCLA da mCLA na berayen a cikin duk ƙungiyoyi. Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayatarwa, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin aCLA (X2 (3) = 8.455, p = 0.036) irin wannan ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 14.50, p = 0.049), amma ba matalauta (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 10.21, p = 0.373) ko bacewa mai kyau (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 4.607, p> 0.999) ƙungiyoyi, sun nuna karin furcin Fos fiye da rukunin keji na gida ( Hoto 5A). Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayatarwa, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin aCLA (X2 (3) = 8.455, p = 0.036) irin wannan ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 14.50, p = 0.049), amma ba matalauta (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 10.21, p = 0.373) ko bacewa mai kyau (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 4.607, p> 0.999) ƙungiyoyi, sun nuna karin furcin Fos fiye da rukunin keji na gida ( Hoto 5A). Между группами с хорошим угашением, плохим угашением, припоминанием страха и домашними клетками наблюдалась значительная разница в экспрессии Fos в aCLA (X2 (3) = 8,455, p = 0,036), так что группа припоминания страха (среднее ранговое различие = 14,50, p = 0,049), но ни плохая (средняя ранговая разница = 10,21, p = 0,373), ни группа с хорошим вымиранием (средняя ранговая разница = 4,607, p > 0,999) не демонстрировали большей экспрессии Fos, чем группа в домашней клетке ( Рис . 5 da). Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin maganganun aCLA Fos tsakanin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta, tunawa da tsoro da ƙungiyoyin gida (X2 (3) = 8.455, p = 0.036), don haka ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 14.50, p = 0.049), amma ba matalauta (ma'anar matsayi bamban = 10.21, p = 0.373) ko kuma ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 4.607, p> 0.999) ya nuna karin bayanin Fos fiye da rukunin gida (Fig. .5A) . ACLA 中 Fos 的 的 中良好, 消退差, 恐惧 回忆 和 家庭 笼组笼组 (3) = 8.50), 因此 恐惧 回忆组 (yana nufin daraja. = 0.049), 但 但 差 (平均 秩差 = 10.21, p = 0.373) 组 的 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭. ACLA 中 Fos 的 的, 消退差, 消退差, 消退差, 消退差 笼组 差异 差异 差异 差异 (x2) = 8.455, 恐惧 回忆组恐惧 (Ma'ana Rank Diff = 14.50 ， P = P = P = P = P = 14. 0.049） ， 但 无论是 差 平均0.999) 组 都 出 比 家庭 笼组 更 多 Была значительная разница между группами с хорошим угашением, плохим угашением, отзывом страха и домашней клеткой по экспрессии Fos в aCLA (X2(3) = 8,455, p = 0,036), поэтому группа отзыва страха (среднее ранговое различие = 14,50) , p = 0,049), но группы с плохим (средняя разница рангов = 10,21, p = 0,373) и с хорошим вымиранием (средняя разница рангов = 4,607, p > 0,999) показали более высокую экспрессию Fos, чем группа с домашней клеткой (рис. 5 A). Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin ƙarfi mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin aCLA Fos magana (X2 (3) = 8.455, p = 0.036), don haka ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (ma'anar darajar matsayi = 14.50), p = 0.049 ), amma ƙungiyoyi tare da matalauta (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 10.21, p = 0.373) da kuma ƙarewa mai kyau (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 4.607, p> 0.999) ya nuna mafi girma Fos magana fiye da rukunin gida (Fig. 5A). .Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin maganganun Fos na duniya a cikin (rs = 0.036, p = 0.876) (Hoto 5B) ko magana Fos a cikin IL aCLA afferent sel (rs = -0.282, p = 0.215) da kuma tunawa da ƙarewa (Hoto 5B)..5D), Har ila yau, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin lalacewa mai kyau, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da kuma ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin aCLA IL afferents (X2 (3) = 6.722, p = 0.081) (Figure 5C)..). Na gaba, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin lalacewa, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin mCLA (X2 (3) = 10.12, p = 0.018) irin wannan ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau (Ma'anar Rank Diff). = 12.93, p = 0.038), amma ba mummunan lalacewa ba (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 5.143, p> 0.999) ko ƙungiyoyi masu tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 14.00, p = 0.063) ya nuna mahimmancin karin bayanin Fos a cikin mCLA. dangane da rukunin keji na gida (Fig. 5E). Na gaba, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin lalacewa, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin mCLA (X2 (3) = 10.12, p = 0.018) irin wannan ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau (Ma'anar Rank Diff). = 12.93, p = 0.038), amma ba mummunan lalacewa ba (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 5.143, p> 0.999) ko ƙungiyoyi masu tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 14.00, p = 0.063) ya nuna mahimmancin karin bayanin Fos a cikin mCLA. dangane da rukunin keji na gida (Fig. 5E). Затем наблюдалась значительная разница между группами с хорошим угашением, плохим угашением, воспоминаниями о страхе и домашней клеткой в ​​​​экспрессии Fos в mCLA (X2 (3) = 10,12, p = 0,018), так что группа с хорошим угашением (средняя разница рангов . = 12,93, p = 0,038), но ни группы плохого угашения (средняя ранговая разница = 5,143, p > 0,999), ни группы отзыва страха (средняя ранговая разница = 14,00, p = 0,063) не показали значительно большей Ekspressy Fos в mCLA. Sa'an nan kuma akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ɓarna mai kyau, ƙarancin lalacewa, tunanin tsoro da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin mCLA Fos magana (X2 (3) = 10.12, p = 0.018), don haka ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau (ma'anar matsayi na bambanci = 12.93, p = 0.038), amma ba ƙungiyoyin ɓarna matalauta (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 5.143, p> 0.999) ko ƙungiyoyi masu tunawa da tsoro (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 14.00, p = 0.063) ya nuna mahimmancin girman Fos a cikin mCLA.idan aka kwatanta da rukunin keji na gida (Hoto 5E).接下来 ， 在 mcla 中 的 fos 表达 ， 良好 消退组 、 不良 消 退组 、 恐惧 回忆组 家庭 笼组 之间 显着 差异 （x2 （3） = 10.12 ， p = 0.018） ， 良好 （（（（（（ (((Ma'anar Diff).= 12.93, p = 0.038)，但在mCLA 中，弱消退（平均秩差= 5.143，p > 0.999）和恐惧回忆组（平均秩差= 14.00，p = 0.063）均未显示出更多的Fos 表达相对于家庭笼组（图5E）。 = 12.93, p = 0.038), 在 (平均 秩差 秩差 秩差 = 5.143, p> 0.999) 和 回忆组 (平均 秩差 = 14.00, p = 0.063) 未 显示 更 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多 多fos 表达 的 fos 表达 表达 的 fos 表达相对于家庭笼组（图5E）。 Далее, в экспрессии Fos в mCLA наблюдалась значительная разница между группой с хорошим угасанием, группой с плохим угасанием, группой с отзывом о страхе и группой с домашней клеткой (X2(3) = 10,12, p = 0,018), так, группа хорошего угашения (средняя разность рангов = 12,93, p = 0,038), но в mCLA ни слабое угасание (средняя разница рангов = 5,143, p > 0,999), ни группа отзыва страха (средняя разница рангов = 14,00, p = 0,999) = 0,063). Bugu da ari, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin mCLA tsakanin ƙungiyar ɓarna mai kyau, ƙungiyar ɓarna mara kyau, ƙungiyar ra'ayoyin tsoro, da rukunin gida (X2 (3) = 10.12, p = 0.018), don haka, mai kyau ɓata (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 12.93, p = 0.038), amma a cikin mCLA babu rauni mai rauni (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 5.143, p> 0.999) ko ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (bambancin matsayi = 14.00, p = 0.999) = 0.063) ya nuna mafi kyau. Multi Fos magana idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar tantanin halitta (Hoto 5E).Duk da haka, bayanin Fos na duniya a cikin mCLA (rs = 0.321, p = 0.156) (Fig. 5F) ko a cikin ƙwayoyin IL mCLA (rs = -0.121, p = 0.602) da tunawa da ƙarewa (Fig. 5H), babu wani babban bambanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tare da lalacewa mai kyau, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da kuma tantanin halitta don bayyanar Fos a cikin IL mCLA afferent sel (X2 (3) = 4.923, p = 0.178) (Hoto 5G).
An haɓaka ayyukan Fos a cikin tsakiyar claustrum a cikin berayen tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna mai kyau.(A) Ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro, amma ba sauran ƙungiyoyi ba, sun nuna ƙara yawan ayyukan Fos idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar tantanin gida a cikin aCLA.(B) Babu wata mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin aCLA da kuma bacewa.(C) Maganar Fos a cikin IL afferent aCLA Kwayoyin ba su bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba.(D) Babu wani mahimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL afferents da tunawa da bacewa a cikin aCLA.(E) Ƙungiyar da ta ɓace, amma ba sauran ƙungiyoyi ba, sun nuna ƙara yawan ayyukan Fos a cikin mCLA idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar tantanin gida.(F) Babu wata mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da tunawa da bacewa a cikin mCLA.(G) Maganar Fos a cikin IL mCLA afferent sel ba su bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba.(H) Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL afferents da kuma ƙarewar tunawa a cikin mCLA.Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkatacciyar ma'ana. *P <0.05. *P <0.05. * р <0,05. *P <0.05. p <0.05. p <0.05. * р <0,05. *P <0.05.
Bayan haka, an bincika takamaiman ayyukan Fos na duniya da IL a cikin mBLA da pBLA a cikin duk rukunin berayen.Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ɓarna mai kyau, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin mBLA (X2 (3) = 0.944, p=0.815) (Hoto 6A).Har ila yau, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tare da haɓaka mai kyau, rashin tausayi mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da kuma bayanin Fos na gida a cikin IL mBLA afferent sel (X2 (3) = 0.518, p=0.915) (Hoto 6C).Bugu da ƙari, babu wani mahimmanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin maganganun Fos na duniya a cikin mBLA (rs = 0.126, p = 0.588) (Figure 6B) da kuma Fos magana a cikin IL mBLA afferent sel (rs = 0.200, p = 0.385) (rs = 0.200, p = 0.385).p = 0.385).Hoto 6D) da tunawa da bacewa.Har ila yau, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ɓarna mai kyau, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin pBLA (X2 (3) = 4.246, p = 0.236) (Fig. 6E), kuma babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci. a cikin pBLA mai kyau.ɓarkewa, rashin ƙarfi mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin gida a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin sel afferent IL (X2 (3) = 1.954, p=0.582) (Hoto 6G).A ƙarshe, maganganun Fos na duniya a cikin pBLA (rs = 0.070, p = 0.762) (Fig. 6F) da Fos magana a cikin pBLA IL afferent cell (rs = 0.122, p = 0.597) da kuma tunawa da ƙarewa (Fig. 6H).
Ba a tsara bambance-bambancen ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun haihuwa ba zuwa ga bambance-bambance a cikin furcin Fos a cikin amygdala basolateral.(A) Babu wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin mBLA.(B) Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da tunawa da bacewa a cikin mBLA.(C) Maganar Fos a cikin IL mBLA afferent sel ba su bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba.(D) Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin sel afferent IL da tunawa da bacewa a cikin mBLA.(E) Babu wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin maganganun Fos a cikin pBLA.(F) Babu wata mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da tunawa da bacewa a pBLA.(G) Maganar Fos a cikin sel IL pBLA afferent ba su bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba.(H) Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin sel afferent IL da tunawa da bacewa a cikin pBLA.Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkatacciyar ma'ana.
A ƙarshe, an bincika takamaiman ayyukan Fos na duniya da IL a cikin mvHPC da pvHPC a cikin duk berayen. Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin lalacewa, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin mvHPC (X2 (3) = 8.056, p = 0.045) irin wannan mummunar lalacewa (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 13.29). , p = 0.031), amma ba rashin lalacewa ba (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 6.857, p> 0.999) ko kuma tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 8.000, p = 0.864) ƙungiyoyi sun nuna karin maganganun Fos fiye da ƙungiyar cage gida (Fig. 7 A). Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin lalacewa, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin cage na gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin mvHPC (X2 (3) = 8.056, p = 0.045) irin wannan mummunar lalacewa (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 13.29). , p = 0.031), amma ba rashin lalacewa ba (Ma'anar Matsayin Matsayi. = 6.857, p> 0.999) ko kuma tunawa da tsoro (Ma'anar Rank Diff. = 8.000, p = 0.864) ƙungiyoyi sun nuna karin maganganun Fos fiye da ƙungiyar cage gida (Fig. 7 A). Между группами с хорошим угасанием, плохим угашением, отзывом страха и домашними клетками наблюдалась значительная разница в экспрессии Fos в mvHPC (X2 (3) = 8,056, p = 0,045), так что хорошее угасание (средняя ранговая разница = 13,29) , p = 0,031), но ни в группах с плохим угасанием (средняя ранговая разница = 6,857, p > 0,999), ни в группе с отзывом страха (средняя ранговая разница = 8,000, p = 0,864) экспрессия Fos была выше, чем в группе с домашней клеткой (рис. 7А). Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin mvHPC Fos magana tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tare da kyakkyawan lalacewa, rashin lalacewa mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da sel gida (X2 (3) = 8.056, p = 0.045), don haka bacewa mai kyau (ma'anar bambancin matsayi = 13.29), p = 0.031), amma ba a cikin rukunin ɓarna mara kyau ba (ma'anar ma'anar matsayi = 6.857, p> 0.999) ko kuma a cikin ƙungiyar tunawa da tsoro (ma'anar daraja = 8.000, p = 0.864) Fos magana mafi girma fiye da a cikin rukunin gida.tantanin halitta (Fig. 7A). MVHPC 中 中 的 的 的良好, 不良 消退, 恐惧 回忆 和 家庭 笼组 之间 存在存在 显着 (x2) = 0.045), p = 0.04), p = 0.0431 ），但无论是弱消退（平均秩差= 6.857，p > 0.999）还是恐惧回忆（平均秩差= 8.000，p = 0.864）组都显示出比家庭笼组更多的Fos 表达（图2）。 MVHPC 中 Fos 的 的, 不良不良 恐惧恐惧, 不良 笼组 之间 存在 显着显着 ((x2) = 0.045) p = 0.045) p = 0.045) p = 0.045) ， 但 无论是 弱消退 （平均 秩差 秩差 = 6.857 ， p> 0.999） 还是 恐惧 （平均 秩差 秩差 = 8.000 ， p = 0.864） 组都 出 家庭 笼组 多 的 fos 表达 图 图。。。。 ） ） ））））））））））） Имелась значительная разница между группами «хорошо», «плохо», «припоминание страха» и «домашняя клетка» для экспрессии Fos в mvHPC (X2(3) = 8,056, p = 0,045) и, следовательно, хорошая регрессия (средняя разница рангов = 13,29), p = 0,031), но группы со слабым угасанием (средняя разница рангов = 6,857, p > 0,999) и воспоминания о страхе (средняя разница рангов = 8,000, p = 0,864) показали более высокую экспрессию Fos, чем группа в домашней клетке (рис. 2). Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin mai kyau, mara kyau, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida na gida don maganganun Fos a cikin mvHPC (X2 (3) = 8.056, p = 0.045) sabili da haka mai kyau regression (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 13.29), p = 0.031), amma ƙungiyoyi tare da raunin rauni (ma'anar matsayi na matsayi = 6.857, p> 0.999) da kuma tunanin tsoro (ma'anar matsayi mai girma = 8.000, p = 0.864) ya nuna mafi girma Fos magana fiye da rukuni a cikin kejin gida (Fig. 2).7 A).Duk da haka, babu wani gagarumin bambanci (X2 (3) = 4.893, p = 0.180) (Hoto 7C).Bugu da ƙari, babu wani mahimmanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin maganganun Fos na duniya a cikin mvHPC (rs = -0.233, p = 0.309) (Figure 7B) da kuma Fos magana a cikin mvHPC afferent IL Kwayoyin (rs = 0.056, p = 0.810) (Hoto 7D) .da rahoto kan bacewar.Bugu da ari, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna, rashin lalacewa, tunawa da tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin Fos magana a cikin pvHPC (X2 (3) = 3.623, p = 0.353) (Hoto 7E), kuma babu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci.bambanci a cikin kyakkyawar farfadowa na maganganun Fos a cikin pvHPC afferent IL Kwayoyin, rashin daidaituwa mara kyau, ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro, da ƙungiyoyin gida (X2 (3) = 3.871, p = 0.276) (Fig. 7G).A ƙarshe, babu wani mahimmanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin pvHPC duniya Fos magana (rs = -0.127, p = 0.584) (Hoto 7F) da Fos magana a cikin IL-afferent pvHPC Kwayoyin (rs = 0.176, p = 0.447) da kuma ƙarewa tunawa (Hoto 7F). ).7H).
Fos yana da girma a cikin hippocampus na huhu na berayen, yana nuna ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.(A) Ƙungiyar da ta ɓace, amma ba sauran ƙungiyoyi ba, sun nuna ƙarar bayyanar Fos a cikin mvHPC idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar tantanin gida.(B) Babu wata mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da tunawa da bacewa a cikin mvPHC.(C) Maganar Fos a cikin mvHPC afferent IL Kwayoyin ba su bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi.(D) Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL afferents da tunawa da bacewa a cikin mvHPC.(E) Babu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi a cikin bayanin Fos a pvHPC.(F) Babu wata mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos da tunawa da bacewa a pvHPC.(G) Maganar Fos a cikin pVHPC afferent IL Kwayoyin ba su bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba.(H) Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin furcin Fos a cikin IL afferents da tunawa da bacewa a cikin pvHPC.Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkatacciyar ma'ana. *P <0.05. *P <0.05. * р <0,05. *P <0.05. p <0.05. p <0.05. * р <0,05. *P <0.05.Binciken mu na farko don duk yankuna ya nuna kwatanta a matakai uku tare da axis na anteroposterior, kodayake mun kuma bincika kowane yanki wanda ya rushe tare da axis na anteroposterior.An gabatar da sakamakon waɗannan nazarin a cikin tebur 1.
Anan mun gwada ko bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin abin tunawa zai bayyana a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na ayyuka masu ban sha'awa a cikin ƙananan limbic cortex.Don wannan, mun tantance ayyukan Fos a cikin tsinkayar IL daga thalamus paraventricular, claustrum, tonsil basolateral, da hippocampus na ventral bayan sake kunnawa.A cikin ƙwayoyin IL-projecting, mun sami aiki mafi girma a cikin yankin na baya na PVT a cikin berayen da ke nuna kyakkyawan tunawa idan aka kwatanta da berayen tare da ƙarancin lalacewa.Babu bambance-bambance a cikin IL afferents daga clavicular nucleus, ventral hippocampus, ko tonsil basolateral.Baya ga sel masu aiwatar da aikin IL, an lura da haɓaka ayyukan jijiyoyi a cikin zaɓaɓɓun wurare na claustrum na bera da hippocampus na ventral tare da ƙuduri mai kyau.Sakamakonmu yana nuna cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna mai nasara an tsara shi ta takamaiman tsinkayar PVT zuwa IL da sel waɗanda ba IL ba a cikin claustrum da hippocampus na ventral.
Mun gano cewa tsinkayar PVT IL tana aiki a cikin berayen da ke nuna kyakkyawar tunawa da ɓarkewa, wanda ya yi daidai da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar PVT don tunawa da ɓarna.Wannan binciken bai yi amfani da manipulations na musamman na yanki ba, amma ya nuna cewa duka tsinkayar PVT akan amygdala na tsakiya na tsakiya da kuma IL tsinkaya akan PVT ana buƙatar sake haifar da lalacewa.Sakamakonmu yana nuna cewa, ban da sarkar IL-PVT-CeL, ana iya buƙatar shigarwa bayan PVT cikin IL don tunawa.Don haka, ya bayyana cewa duka haɗin gwiwar efferent da afferent IL suna da hannu a cikin haifuwa na ɓarna.Wani muhimmin mataki na gaba shine sanin abin da ke haifar da pPVT don siginar haifuwa a matakin da'ira.Bugu da ƙari ga dangantaka da IL, binciken da aka yi a baya na duct-track31,32 ya nuna cewa pPVT yana karɓar shigarwa daga ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG), wanda ke da alaƙa da ilmantarwa 33,34,35,36.Ko da yake ba a kafa rawar vPAG a cikin tunawa da ɓarna ba, tsinkayar pPVT ta vPAG ɗan takara ne mai ban sha'awa saboda yawan su da kuma shigar da yankuna biyu a cikin samar da shaidar da ta gabata na bacewar tsoro.
Wani muhimmin al'amari na sakamakonmu na PVT shine cewa sun ƙware tare da axis na baya-baya.Abin sha'awa, aikin neuronal na tsinkayar PVT a cikin IL yana daidaitawa da yanayin dabi'a na gaba, irin wannan aikin tsinkayar PVT a cikin IL yana da alaƙa da tunawa da tsoro, yayin da pPVT tsinkaya yana aiki bayan nasarar tunawa da bacewa (watau tsoro).Wannan nau'in nau'in aiki a cikin PVT ba abin mamaki bane idan aka ba da aikin da ya gabata [wanda aka tattauna a cikin 37].Wani misali mai ban mamaki na rarraba aiki a cikin PVT ya fito kwanan nan a cikin wani binciken da ya kwatanta kaddarorin takamaiman nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin PVT.Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa DRD2-bayyana ƙwayoyin dopamine galibi ana bayyana su a cikin pPVT, suna shigar da cortex na gaba, kuma suna amsa abubuwan motsa jiki.Yawan tantanin halitta na biyu galibi ana bayyana shi a cikin aPVT kuma yana nuna alamar sauye-sauye zuwa yanayin ƙarancin motsa jiki na jiki kuma yana shigar da bawo na ƙananan gaɓɓai.Sakamakonmu bai dace da wannan tsarin ba, kamar yadda IL-projecting aPVT sel ke aiki yayin tunawa da tsoro, yayin da tsinkayen pPVT ke aiki kuma dabbobi suna nuna ƙananan matakan tsoro.Akwai aƙalla bayanai biyu masu yuwuwa ga rashin daidaituwar.Na farko, nau'ikan tantanin halitta da aka gano ba su keɓance a cikin wuri ɗaya na gaba-baya na TVV.Don haka, sel pPVT masu aiki na IL-projecting a cikin berayen tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna mai kyau na iya kasancewa cikin nau'in sel waɗanda galibi ana iya gano su a cikin aPVT kuma suna siginar canzawa zuwa yanayin ƙaranci.Hakanan yana iya zama gaskiya ga sel masu aikin IL a cikin aPVT da aka kunna bayan ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro.Na biyu, binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano kasancewar IL3-projecting pPVTs, ko da yake wasu sun bayyana an samo su daga ƙwayoyin DRD2 masu ƙunshe da su, wasu nau'in tantanin halitta na iya yin aiki zuwa IL kuma suna kunnawa akan nasarar haifuwa na quenching.
Ko da yake makasudin wannan binciken shine don gano bambance-bambance tsakanin berayen da ke nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan bacewa, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun kuma bayyana sabbin bayanai masu alaƙa da hanyoyin ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro.Abin sha'awa, mun sami karuwar ayyukan Fos a CLA na baya a cikin berayen tare da ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro.
An sanya clavicle a matsayin cibiyar sadarwar cortical kuma yana shiga cikin matakai da suka kama daga haɗakar da hankali zuwa hankali da barci40,41,42,43.Akwai ƙayyadaddun shaida kan yadda claustrum ke shiga cikin yanayin jin tsoro ko faɗar tsoro, duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa maganganun tsoro na mahallin yana shiga cikin ayyukan Fos a cikin claustrum.Kwanan nan an ba da rahoton cewa hana tsinkayar atresia zuwa cortex na intorhinal yayin yanayin yanayin tsoro yana lalata ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci, kodayake ba a gwada buƙatar su na faɗar tsoro ba.A cikin wannan binciken, an sami ƙarin kunnawar Fos lokacin da aka fallasa dabbobi zuwa wani sabon yanayi idan aka kwatanta da berayen da aka fallasa zuwa yanayin da aka saba.Tare da wannan a zuciya, kunnawar CLA da muke ba da rahoto anan na iya kasancewa saboda fallasa sabuwar kyamarar yayin gwaji, maimakon tsoron tunawa da kanta.Don ƙarin fayyace aikin makullai a cikin tsoro da sarrafa yanayi, ya kamata karatun gaba ya yi amfani da magudin kulle da aka yi niyya.
Kodayake aikin da ya gabata ya nuna cewa PVT yana da alaƙa da maganganun ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro, 45,46,47 ba mu lura da wani canji a cikin jimlar Fos a cikin berayen ba lokacin da suka tuna da tsoro 48 hours bayan daidaitawa.Ana iya bayyana wannan bambanci ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da gwajin gwajin aikin da aka yi a baya na ƙididdiga masu ma'ana a cikin mahallin da yanayin ya faru, yayin da a cikin gwajin mu, an yi gwaji a cikin sabon ɗaki.Bugu da kari, mun kashe dabbobin mu mintuna 60 bayan gwaji, yayin da aikin da ya gabata ya yi amfani da lokacin minti 90.A ƙarshe, a cikin binciken da ya gabata, an yi gwajin a cikin ɗaki inda dabbobi za su iya amsawa da sha'awar abinci, yayin da a cikin aikinmu, an gwada berayen ba tare da amsa sha'awar abinci ba.Duk da yake wannan yana ba da izinin wani matakin hanawa, akwai shaidar cewa barin dabbobi su hana matsa lamba don samun abinci yayin gwada ko suna jin tsoron alamu yana haifar da rikici mai motsa rai (watau tsoro da lada), wanda shine babban abin ƙarfafawa.shiga PVT48, 49. .
Basolateral amygdala an san yana da hannu a cikin samun ɓacin rai50,51 kuma akwai shaidar cewa tsinkayar BLA zuwa IL shima yana cikin wannan tsari23.Duk da haka, ba a bayyana ba idan BLA da haɗin gwiwar suna da hannu a cikin dawowar ƙarewa.Nazarin hoto23,28 sun nuna ƙara yawan ayyukan BLA a cikin dabbobi suna tunawa da abubuwan da suka ɓace.Duk da yake aikinmu na baya bai nuna wani bambanci a cikin kunnawa BLA tsakanin berayen bacewa mai kyau da mara kyau, sakamakonmu anan yana ba da shawarar cewa tunawa gabaɗaya baya shafar BLA ko kunnawa cikin tsinkayar BLA IL.Daidai da bincikenmu, kodayake nazarin magudin da'ira ya nuna cewa abubuwan IL zuwa BLA suna da mahimmanci don ilmantarwa bacewa, ba lallai ba ne don tunawa da ƙarewa.Duk da haka, ba za a iya watsi da aikin BLA gaba ɗaya ba kamar yadda shaidun kwanan nan suka nuna cewa ana buƙatar wasu nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin BLA don haifar da lalacewa.
Musamman ma, tunawa da tsoro bai haifar da kunnawa Fos a cikin BLA ba, kamar yadda ciwon baya, miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma nazarin hoto ya haifar da wannan yanki a cikin maganganun tsoro da / ko sake ƙarfafawa bayan dawowa54,55,56,57.Bayanan da aka gabatar a nan sun haɗu da basal da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan amygdala, kuma bayanan da suka gabata sun nuna cewa maganganun tsoro yana motsa ayyukan Fos a gefen dorsal na tsakiya na gefe.Mun yi nazarin bayanan da ke ciki da na gefe daban, amma babu wani bambanci a kowane hali (bayanan da ba a nuna ba) kuma duka yankunan sun rushe a cikin bayanan da muke gabatarwa a nan.Ba mu bincika sassan amygdala na gefe ba, don haka takamaiman canje-canje a wannan yanki na iya zama abin rufe fuska.Wani yuwuwar babu canji a cikin ayyukan Fos a cikin BLA shine saboda lokacin tunanin tsoro idan aka kwatanta da yanayin sanyi.Wasu ayyukan da suka gabata sun nuna cewa gudunmawar BLA don jin tsoro magana yana raguwa tare da lokaci bayan daidaitawa, irin wannan magana yana dogara ne akan BLA a 24 hours post conditioning amma mai zaman kanta a cikin kwanaki 7 (ref. 45 amma duba 58).ya faru sa'o'i 48 bayan horo, yana sa rashin canji a cikin ayyukan Fos a wannan lokacin yana iya nuna canje-canje masu dogara da lokaci a cikin shiga BLA a cikin maganganun tsoro.
A ƙarshe, mun sami shaidar cewa nasarar ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna tana da alaƙa da hippocampus na ventral.Wannan sifa ce ta "matsakaici" vHPCs kamar yadda ba a ganin irin wannan tsari a yankin na baya.Daidai da aikin da ya gabata, ba mu sami wani canji a kunna Fos ba a cikin vHPC ILs.Akwai tabbataccen shaida cewa ana buƙatar vHPC28,60,61 don tabbatar da tsoro lokacin da CS ke faruwa a wajen mahallin da faɗuwa ke faruwa, kuma wannan ya dogara aƙalla a kan shigar vHPC cikin IL13.Dangane da waɗannan sakamakon da suka gabata, muna tsammanin za a haɗu da ƙarancin faɗuwa tare da haɓaka aikin IL da aka annabta na vHPC.Koyaya, wannan ba haka lamarin yake ba saboda babu wani bambanci a cikin ayyukan Fos a cikin IL-projected retrograde-labeled vHPCs ko sel marasa lakabi a cikin vHPCs.Wannan yana nuna cewa rashin iya tunawa da faɗuwa a cikin yanayin faɗuwa na iya haifar da wata hanya ta daban fiye da tsoron sabuntawa.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura da wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙira da ƙayyadaddun bincike da kuma yadda suke shafar ƙarshenmu.Na farko, mun raba dabbobi zuwa sama da ƙananan kashi uku, da mice zuwa "mai kyau" da "mara kyau" bisa ga ƙididdige ƙididdigewa.Ana yin haka ne domin a gujewa makircin rukuni da ke raba dabbobi zuwa rukuni daban daga tsakiyar rabon, ko tsarin rukuni wanda ke ware dabbobi daga tsakiyar rabon, kamar rabuwa ta tsaka-tsaki ko kwatanta sama da kashi uku na berayen. .muna so mu guje wa wannan yanayin saboda rarrabuwar tsaka-tsaki baya nuna bambancin martanin ɗan adam ga raunin da muke ƙoƙarin yin samfuri.Bugu da ƙari, yayin kwatanta sama da kashi uku na berayen yana ba mu damar kwatanta ƙungiyoyi masu girman kai, wannan tsarin ya yi watsi da dabbobi a tsakiyar rarraba kuma baya nuna daidai da sauye-sauye a cikin halayen haɗari.Yayin da hanyarmu na iya fama da matsaloli tare da bambance-bambance daban-daban da kwatanta ƙungiyoyi tare da girman samfurin da bai dace ba, yana ɗaukar abin da muke ƙoƙarin yin koyi da mafi kyawun hanyoyin.
Sakamakon da aka gabatar a nan yana taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin abin tunawa ke nunawa a cikin bambance-bambancen ayyukan da'irar jijiyoyi.Abubuwan da muka gano na iya zama masu dacewa da rashin lafiyar danniya, wanda aka sani yana da alaƙa da tsoro mai yawa da rashin iya kawar da martanin tsoro.Mun nuna cewa bambance-bambance a cikin tunawa na ƙarewa suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan ciki da na waje da aka tsara akan IL.An rarraba waɗannan bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna daban-daban tare da axis na anteroposterior, suna kara nuna mahimmancin tantance aikin kwakwalwa a matakin yanki.Rashin lahani na hanyar da ake amfani da ita a halin yanzu sun haɗa da dacewa da binciken da kuma mayar da hankali ga rodents maza.Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya ƙayyade hanyoyin neurobiological da ke haifar da koyo a cikin rodents mata da kuma amfani da hanyoyi don zana abubuwan da suka faru.
Rubutun bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da/ko aka yi nazari a cikin binciken na yanzu suna samuwa daga mawallafa bisa ga buƙatu mai ma'ana.
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