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Mun bincika tasirin takamaiman yanki akan abubuwan electrochemical na NiCo2O4 (NCO) don gano glucose.NCO nanomaterials tare da sarrafa takamaiman yanki mai sarrafawa an samar da su ta hanyar haɗin hydrothermal tare da ƙari, kuma an samar da nanostructures na kansa tare da bushiya, allurar Pine, tremella da fure kamar ilimin halittar jiki.Sabon salo na wannan hanyar ya ta'allaka ne a cikin tsarin sarrafa hanyar amsa sinadarai ta hanyar ƙara abubuwa daban-daban yayin haɗawa, wanda ke haifar da samuwar nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ba tare da wani bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin crystal da yanayin sinadarai na abubuwan da ke tattare da su ba.Wannan sarrafa ilimin halittar jiki na NCO nanomaterials yana haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin aikin lantarki na gano glucose.A hade tare da halayen kayan aiki, an tattauna dangantakar dake tsakanin takamaiman yanki da aikin lantarki don gano glucose.Wannan aikin na iya ba da hangen nesa na kimiyya game da daidaita yanayin sararin samaniya na nanostructures waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun ayyukan su don yuwuwar aikace-aikace a cikin abubuwan biosensors na glucose.
Matakan glucose na jini suna ba da mahimman bayanai game da yanayin rayuwa da yanayin yanayin jiki na jiki1,2.Alal misali, ƙananan matakan glucose a cikin jiki na iya zama muhimmiyar alamar matsalolin lafiya mai tsanani, ciki har da ciwon sukari, cututtukan zuciya, da kiba3,4,5.Don haka, lura da matakan sukari na jini akai-akai yana da matukar mahimmanci don kiyaye lafiya.Ko da yake an ba da rahoton nau'ikan na'urori masu auna glucose daban-daban ta amfani da ganowa na physicochemical, ƙananan hankali da jinkirin lokacin amsawa sun kasance shinge ga ci gaba da tsarin kula da glucose6,7,8.Bugu da kari, a halin yanzu mashahuran firikwensin glucose na electrochemical dangane da halayen enzymatic har yanzu suna da wasu iyakoki duk da fa'idodinsu na amsa da sauri, babban azanci da hanyoyin ƙirƙira masu sauƙi9,10.Don haka, an yi nazarin nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin electrochemical iri-iri daban-daban don hana denaturation enzyme yayin da suke kiyaye fa'idodin biosensors na electrochemical9,11,12,13.
Abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe na canzawa (TMCs) suna da isasshe babban aiki mai ƙarfi game da glucose, wanda ke faɗaɗa iyakar aikace-aikacen su a cikin firikwensin glucose na electrochemical13,14,15.Ya zuwa yanzu, an ba da shawarar ƙira daban-daban na ma'ana da hanyoyi masu sauƙi don haɗin TMS don ƙara haɓaka hankali, zaɓi, da kwanciyar hankali na electrochemical na gano glucose16,17,18.Misali, karfe oxide mara ma'ana kamar jan karfe oxide (CuO) 11,19, zinc oxide (ZnO)20, nickel oxide (NiO) 21,22, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) 23,24 da cerium oxide (CeO2) 25 shine electrochemically aiki game da glucose.Ci gaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin nau'ikan oxides na binaryar kamar nickel cobaltate (NiCo2O4) don gano glucose sun nuna ƙarin tasirin haɗin gwiwa dangane da haɓaka ayyukan lantarki26,27,28,29,30.Musamman ma, daidaitaccen abun da ke ciki da sarrafa ilimin halittar jiki don samar da TMS tare da nau'ikan nanostructures daban-daban na iya haɓaka haɓakar ganowa sosai saboda girman girman su, don haka ana ba da shawarar sosai don haɓaka ilimin halittar jiki sarrafa TMS don ingantaccen gano glucose20,25,30,31,32, 33.34, 35.
Anan mun bayar da rahoton NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanomaterials tare da nau'ikan halitta daban-daban don gano glucose.Ana samun NCO nanomaterials ta hanyar hanya mai sauƙi ta hanyar hydrothermal ta amfani da wasu additives daban-daban, abubuwan sinadaran suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗin kai na nanostructures na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban.Mun gudanar da bincike akai-akai game da tasirin NCOs tare da nau'o'i daban-daban akan aikinsu na lantarki don gano glucose, gami da azanci, zaɓi, ƙarancin ganowa, da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci.
Mun hada NCO nanomaterials (taƙaice UNCO, PNCO, TNCO da FNCO bi da bi) tare da microstructures kama da teku urchins, Pine needles, tremella da furanni.Hoto na 1 yana nuna nau'ikan halittar UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, da FNCO.Hotunan SEM da hotunan EDS sun nuna cewa Ni, Co, da O an rarraba su daidai a cikin NCO nanomaterials, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Figures 1 da 2. S1 da S2, bi da bi.A kan fig.2a,b yana nuna wakilcin hotunan TEM na NCO nanomaterials tare da nau'i na musamman.UNCO microsphere ce mai haɗa kai (diamita: ~ 5 µm) wanda ya ƙunshi nanowires tare da nanoparticles NCO (matsakaicin girman barbashi: 20 nm).Ana sa ran wannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin zai samar da babban yanki don sauƙaƙe yaduwar wutar lantarki da jigilar lantarki.Bugu da ƙari na NH4F da urea yayin haɗawa ya haifar da mafi girma acicular microstructure (PNCO) tsayin 3 µm da faɗin 60 nm, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan nanoparticles.Ƙarin HMT maimakon NH4F yana haifar da wani nau'i mai kama da tremello (TNCO) tare da nanosheets masu yatsu.Gabatarwar NH4F da HMT yayin haɗin gwiwa yana haifar da haɗuwar nanosheets masu wrinkled kusa, yana haifar da yanayin halittar fure kamar fure (FNCO).Hoton HREM (Fig. 2c) yana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan grating tare da tazarar tsaka-tsakin 0.473, 0.278, 0.50, da 0.237 nm, daidai da (111), (220), (311), da (222) NiCo2O4 jiragen sama, s 27 .Zaɓaɓɓen tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki (SAED) na NCO nanomaterials (saka zuwa siffa 2b) kuma ya tabbatar da yanayin polycrystalline na NiCo2O4.Sakamakon high-angle annular duhu hoto (HAADF) da kuma taswirar EDS sun nuna cewa duk abubuwa suna rarraba daidai a cikin NCO nanomaterial, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 2d.
Misalin tsari na tsari na samuwar NiCo2O4 nanostructures tare da ilimin halittar jiki mai sarrafawa.Hakanan ana nuna hotunan tsari da SEM na nanostructures daban-daban.
Siffar ɗabi'a da sifa na NCO nanomaterials: (a) Hoton TEM, (b) Hoton TEM tare da tsarin SAED, (c) Hoton HRTEM da aka warware da kuma daidaitattun hotunan HADDF na Ni, Co, da O a cikin (d) NCO nanomaterials..
X-ray diffraction alamu na NCO nanomaterials na daban-daban morphologies ana nuna su a cikin Fig.3 a ba.Matsakaicin kololuwa a 18.9, 31.1, 36.6, 44.6, 59.1 da 64.9° suna nuna jiragen (111), (220), (311), (400), (511) da (440) NiCo2O4, bi da bi, waɗanda ke da cubic tsarin spinel (JCPDS No. 20-0781) 36. Ana nuna nau'in FT-IR na NCO nanomaterials a cikin Fig.3 b.Ƙaƙƙarfan igiyoyi biyu masu ƙarfi a cikin yankin tsakanin 555 da 669 cm–1 sun dace da ƙarfe (Ni da Co) oxygen da aka zana daga wuraren tetrahedral da octahedral na NiCo2O437 spinel, bi da bi.Don ƙarin fahimtar kaddarorin tsarin NCO nanomaterials, Raman spectra an samo su kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 3c.Kololuwa huɗu da aka lura a 180, 459, 503, da 642 cm-1 sun dace da yanayin Raman F2g, E2g, F2g, da A1g na NiCo2O4 spinel, bi da bi.An yi ma'aunin XPS don tantance yanayin yanayin sinadarai a cikin abubuwan nanomaterials na NCO.A kan fig.3d yana nuna bakan XPS na UNCO.Bakan Ni 2p yana da manyan kololuwa guda biyu waɗanda ke da ƙarfin ɗaure na 854.8 da 872.3 eV, daidai da Ni 2p3/2 da Ni 2p1/2, da tauraron dan adam masu girgiza biyu a 860.6 da 879.1 eV, bi da bi.Wannan yana nuna kasancewar Ni2+ da Ni3+ jihohin oxidation a cikin NCO.Kololuwa a kusa da 855.9 da 873.4 eV na Ni3+ ne, kuma kololuwar kusan 854.2 da 871.6 eV na Ni2+ ne.Hakazalika, bakan Co2p na nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i biyu yana nuna kololuwar halayen Co2+ da Co3+ a 780.4 (Co 2p3/2) da 795.7 eV (Co 2p1/2).Kololuwa a 796.0 da 780.3 eV sun yi daidai da Co2+, kuma kololuwa a 794.4 da 779.3 eV daidai da Co3+.Ya kamata a lura cewa yanayin polyvalent na ions ƙarfe (Ni2+/Ni3+ da Co2+/Co3+) a cikin NiCo2O4 yana haɓaka haɓaka ayyukan lantarki na lantarki37,38.Siffar Ni2p da Co2p na UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, da FNCO sun nuna irin wannan sakamako, kamar yadda aka nuna a fig.S3.Bugu da ƙari, nau'in O1s na duk NCO nanomaterials (Fig. S4) ya nuna kololuwa biyu a 592.4 da 531.2 eV, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarfe-oxygen da oxygen na al'ada a cikin ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl na farfajiyar NCO, bi da bi 39.Kodayake sifofin NCO nanomaterials sun yi kama da juna, bambance-bambancen ilimin halittar jiki a cikin additives suna nuna cewa kowane ƙari zai iya shiga daban-daban a cikin halayen sinadaran don samar da NCO.Wannan iko da energetically m nucleation da hatsi girma matakai, game da shi sarrafa barbashi size da mataki na agglomeration.Don haka, ana iya amfani da sarrafa sigogin tsari daban-daban, gami da ƙari, lokacin amsawa, da zafin jiki yayin haɗuwa, don ƙirƙira microstructure da haɓaka aikin lantarki na NCO nanomaterials don gano glucose.
(a) X-ray diffraction alamu, (b) FTIR da (c) Raman spectra na NCO nanomaterials, (d) XPS spectra na Ni 2p da Co 2p daga UNCO.
Halin halittar halittar NCO nanomaterials da aka daidaita yana da alaƙa da haɓakar matakan farko da aka samu daga ƙari daban-daban waɗanda aka nuna a cikin Hoto S5.Bugu da ƙari, X-ray da Raman bakan na samfurori da aka shirya (Figures S6 da S7a) sun nuna cewa shigar da nau'o'in sinadarai daban-daban ya haifar da bambance-bambancen crystallographic: Ni da Co carbonate hydroxides an fi lura da su a cikin urchin teku da tsarin allura na Pine, yayin da kamar yadda yake. Tsarin a cikin nau'i na tremella da fure suna nuna kasancewar nickel da cobalt hydroxides.Ana nuna bakan FT-IR da XPS na samfuran da aka shirya a cikin Figures 1 da 2. S7b-S9 kuma suna ba da tabbataccen shaida na bambance-bambancen crystallographic da aka ambata.Daga kayan Properties na samfurori da aka shirya, ya bayyana a fili cewa additives suna da hannu a cikin halayen hydrothermal kuma suna ba da hanyoyi daban-daban don samun matakan farko tare da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban40,41,42.Haɗin kai na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i guda ɗaya (1D) nanowires da nanosheets masu girma biyu (2D), an bayyana shi ta hanyar yanayin sinadarai daban-daban na matakan farko (Ni da Co ions, da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu aiki), biye da haɓakar crystal42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. A lokacin aikin aiki na baya-bayan nan, nau'o'in farko na farko sun canza zuwa NCO spinel yayin da suke ci gaba da ilimin halittarsu na musamman, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Figures 1 da 2. 2 da 3a.
Bambance-bambancen ilimin dabi'a a cikin NCO nanomaterials na iya yin tasiri a sararin samaniya mai aiki da lantarki don gano glucose, ta haka ne ke tantance gabaɗayan halayen lantarki na firikwensin glucose.An yi amfani da N2 BET adsorption-desorption isotherm don kimanta girman pore da takamaiman yanki na NCO nanomaterials.A kan fig.4 yana nuna BET isotherms na NCO nanomaterials daban-daban.BET takamaiman yanki na UNCO, PNCO, TNCO da FNCO an kiyasta a 45.303, 43.304, 38.861 da 27.260 m2/g, bi da bi.UNCO yana da mafi girman yanki na BET (45.303 m2 g-1) da mafi girman girman pore (0.2849 cm3 g-1), kuma girman girman ramukan yana kunkuntar.Sakamakon BET na NCO nanomaterials an nuna su a cikin Table 1. N2 adsorption-desorption curves sun kasance kama da nau'in madaukai na isothermal hysteresis IV, yana nuna cewa duk samfurori suna da tsarin mesoporous48.Mesoporous UNCOs tare da mafi girman yanki da mafi girman girman pore ana sa ran samar da wurare masu yawa masu aiki don halayen redox, wanda ke haifar da ingantacciyar aikin lantarki.
Sakamakon BET na (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, da (d) FNCO.Saitin yana nuna daidaitaccen girman girman pore.
An kimanta halayen redox na electrochemical na NCO nanomaterials tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta don gano glucose ta amfani da ma'aunin CV.A kan fig.5 yana nuna alamun CV na NCO nanomaterials a cikin 0.1 M NaOH alkaline electrolyte tare da kuma ba tare da glucose 5 mM ba a ƙimar bincike na 50 mVs-1.Idan babu glucose, an lura da kololuwar redox a 0.50 da 0.35 V, daidai da oxidation hade da M-O (M: Ni2 +, Co2 +) da M * -O-OH (M *: Ni3 +, Co3 +).amfani da OH anion.Bayan ƙari na 5 mM glucose, haɓakar redox akan saman NCO nanomaterials ya karu sosai, wanda zai iya zama saboda iskar oxygen zuwa glucose zuwa gluconolactone.Hoto S10 yana nuna kololuwar redox a cikin ƙimar 5-100 mV s-1 a cikin 0.1 M NaOH bayani.A bayyane yake cewa kololuwar redox na yanzu yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka ƙimar sikanin, yana nuna cewa NCO nanomaterials suna da nau'ikan yaduwa mai sarrafa halayen lantarki50,51.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto S11, an kiyasta yanki na electrochemical (ECSA) na UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, da FNCO zuwa 2.15, 1.47, 1.2, da 1.03 cm2, bi da bi.Wannan yana nuna cewa UNCO yana da amfani ga tsarin electrocatalytic, yana sauƙaƙe gano glucose.
CV na (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, da (d) FNCO electrodes ba tare da glucose ba kuma an ƙara su da 5 mM glucose a ƙimar sikanin 50 mVs-1.
An bincika aikin electrochemical na NCO nanomaterials don ganowar glucose kuma an nuna sakamakon a cikin siffa 6. An ƙayyade ƙimar glucose ta hanyar CA ta hanyar ƙara matakan matakan glucose daban-daban (0.01-6 mM) a cikin 0.1 M NaOH bayani a 0.5. V tare da tazara na s 60.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.6a-d, NCO nanomaterials suna nuna hankali daban-daban kama daga 84.72 zuwa 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 tare da manyan ma'aunin daidaitawa (R2) daga 0.99 zuwa 0.993.An nuna madaidaicin daidaitawa tsakanin maida hankali na glucose da halayen NCO nanomaterials na yanzu a cikin fig.S12.Iyakokin ganowa (LOD) na NCO nanomaterials sun kasance cikin kewayon 0.0623-0.0783 µM.Dangane da sakamakon gwajin CA, UNCO ya nuna mafi girman hankali (116.33 μA mM-1 cm-2) a cikin kewayon ganowa.Ana iya bayyana wannan ta hanyar ilimin halittar jiki na musamman mai kama da teku, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin mesoporous tare da ƙayyadaddun yanki na musamman wanda ke samar da wuraren aiki masu yawa don nau'in glucose.Ayyukan electrochemical na NCO nanomaterials da aka gabatar a cikin Table S1 yana tabbatar da kyakkyawan aikin gano glucose na lantarki na NCO nanomaterials da aka shirya a cikin wannan binciken.
CA martani na UNCO (a), PNCO (b), TNCO (c), da FNCO (d) electrodes tare da glucose da aka kara zuwa 0.1 M NaOH bayani a 0.50 V. Insets nuna calibration curves na halin yanzu martani na NCO nanomaterials: (e ) KA martani na UNCO, (f) PNCO, (g) TNCO, da (h) FNCO tare da ƙara matakin matakin glucose na 1 mM da 0.1 mM abubuwan shiga tsakani (LA, DA, AA, da UA).
Ƙarfin hana tsangwama na gano glucose wani muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin zaɓi da kuma gano glucose ta hanyar shiga tsakani.A kan fig.6e-h yana nuna ikon hana tsangwama na NCO nanomaterials a cikin 0.1 M NaOH bayani.Kwayoyin shiga tsakani na gama-gari kamar LA, DA, AA da UA an zaɓi su kuma ƙara su zuwa electrolyte.Amsa na yanzu na NCO nanomaterials zuwa glucose a bayyane yake.Duk da haka, amsawar yanzu ga UA, DA, AA da LA ba su canza ba, wanda ke nufin cewa NCO nanomaterials sun nuna kyakkyawan zaɓi don gano glucose ba tare da la'akari da bambance-bambancen yanayin su ba.Hoto S13 yana nuna kwanciyar hankali na NCO nanomaterials da aka bincika ta hanyar amsawar CA a cikin 0.1 M NaOH, inda aka ƙara 1 mM glucose zuwa electrolyte na dogon lokaci (80,000 s).Amsoshin na yanzu na UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, da FNCO sun kasance 98.6%, 97.5%, 98.4%, da 96.8%, bi da bi, na farkon halin yanzu tare da ƙarin ƙarin 1 mM glucose bayan 80,000 s.Duk NCO nanomaterials suna ba da ingantaccen halayen redox tare da nau'in glucose na dogon lokaci.Musamman, siginar UNCO na yanzu ba wai kawai ta riƙe 97.1% na farkon halin yanzu ba, amma kuma ta ci gaba da riƙe ƙirar halittarta da kaddarorin haɗin sinadarai bayan gwajin kwanciyar hankali na tsawon kwanaki 7 na muhalli (Figures S14 da S15a).Bugu da ƙari, an gwada haɓakawa da sake sakewa na UNCO kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa S15b, c.Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙwararren Ƙwararru (RSD) na sake haifuwa da maimaitawa shine 2.42% da 2.14%, bi da bi, yana nuna yuwuwar aikace-aikace azaman firikwensin glucose na masana'antu.Wannan yana nuna kyakkyawan tsari da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai na UNCO a ƙarƙashin yanayin iskar oxygen don gano glucose.
A bayyane yake cewa aikin electrochemical na NCO nanomaterials don gano glucose yana da alaƙa da fa'idodin tsarin farkon lokacin da aka shirya ta hanyar hydrothermal tare da ƙari (Fig. S16).Babban yanki na UNCO yana da ƙarin wuraren lantarki fiye da sauran nanostructures, wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka haɓakawa tsakanin kayan aiki da ƙwayoyin glucose.Tsarin mesoporous na UNCO yana iya buɗe ƙarin rukunin Ni da Co cikin sauƙi zuwa ga electrolyte don gano glucose, yana haifar da saurin amsawa na lantarki.Nanowires mai girma ɗaya a cikin UNCO na iya ƙara haɓaka ƙimar yaduwa ta hanyar samar da gajerun hanyoyin sufuri don ions da electrons.Saboda kebantattun fasalulluka na tsarin da aka ambata a sama, aikin electrochemical na UNCO don gano glucose ya fi na PNCO, TNCO, da FNCO.Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙirar halittar UNCO ta musamman tare da mafi girman yanki da girman pore na iya samar da kyakkyawan aikin sinadaran lantarki don gano glucose.
An yi nazarin tasirin takamaiman yanki akan halayen lantarki na NCO nanomaterials.NCO nanomaterials tare da takamaiman yanki na musamman an samo su ta hanyar hanyar hydrothermal mai sauƙi da ƙari daban-daban.Additives daban-daban yayin haɗawa suna shiga cikin halayen sinadarai daban-daban kuma suna samar da matakai na farko daban-daban.Wannan ya haifar da haɗin kai na nau'ikan nanostructures daban-daban tare da morphologies kama da bushiya, Pine allura, tremella, da fure.Bayan zafi mai zuwa yana haifar da irin yanayin sinadarai na crystalline NCO nanomaterials tare da tsarin kashin baya yayin da suke riƙe da musamman ilimin halittar jiki.Dangane da yanayin yanayin yanayin halittar daban-daban, aikin lantarki na NCO nanomaterials don gano glucose an inganta sosai.Musamman, ƙimar glucose na NCO nanomaterials tare da ilimin halittar ruwa na teku ya karu zuwa 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 tare da babban haɗin haɗin gwiwa (R2) na 0.99 a cikin kewayon madaidaiciya na 0.01-6 mM.Wannan aikin na iya samar da tushen kimiyya don aikin injiniyan ƙwayoyin halitta don daidaita takamaiman yanki na musamman da kuma ƙara haɓaka aikin lantarki na aikace-aikacen biosensor marasa enzymatic.
Ni (NO3) 2 6H2O, Co (NO3) 2 6H2O, urea, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), d-(+) -glucose, lactic acid (LA), dopamine hydrochloride ( DA), L-ascorbic acid (AA) da uric acid (UA) an saya daga Sigma-Aldrich.Duk reagents da aka yi amfani da su sun kasance na ƙididdiga kuma an yi amfani da su ba tare da ƙarin tsarkakewa ba.
NiCo2O4 an haɗa shi ta hanyar hanyar hydrothermal mai sauƙi wanda ke biye da maganin zafi.A taƙaice: 1 mmol na nickel nitrate (Ni (NO3)2∙6H2O) da 2 mmol na cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2∙6H2O) an narkar da su a cikin 30 ml na ruwa mai narkewa.Domin sarrafa ilimin halittar jiki na NiCo2O4, abubuwan da suka hada da urea, ammonium fluoride da hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) an zaɓi su daɗa su zuwa maganin da ke sama.Dukkanin cakuda an canza shi zuwa 50 ml na Teflon-line autoclave kuma an sanya shi a cikin tanda mai zafi a 120 ° C. na 6 hours.Bayan sanyaya dabi'a zuwa zafin jiki, sakamakon hazo ya kasance a tsakiya kuma an wanke shi sau da yawa tare da distilled ruwa da ethanol, sa'an nan kuma ya bushe a cikin dare a 60 ° C.Bayan haka, an ƙididdige samfurori da aka shirya a 400 ° C don 4 h a cikin yanayi na yanayi.An jera cikakkun bayanai na gwaje-gwajen a cikin Ƙarin Bayanin Teburin S2.
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD, X'Pert-Pro MPD; PANalytical) an yi ta amfani da Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm) a 40 kV da 30 mA don nazarin kaddarorin tsarin duk NCO nanomaterials.An yi rikodin ƙirar ƙira a cikin kewayon kusurwa 2θ 10-80 ° tare da mataki na 0.05 °.An yi nazarin ilimin halittar jiki da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da microscopy na sikanin watsawa na fili (FESEM; Nova SEM 200, FEI) da kuma na'urar daukar hoto ta microscopy (STEM; TALOS F200X, FEI) tare da makamashi mai watsawa X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).An yi nazarin jihohin valence na saman ta hanyar X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; PHI 5000 Versa Probe II, ULVAC PHI) ta amfani da hasken Al Kα (hν = 1486.6 eV).An daidaita kuzarin dauri ta amfani da kololuwar C 1 a 284.6 eV azaman tunani.Bayan shirya samfuran akan ɓangarorin KBr, an rubuta bakan infrared Fourier (FT-IR) a cikin kewayon raƙuman ruwa 1500-400 cm-1 akan Jasco-FTIR-6300 spectrometer.An kuma sami spectra na Raman ta amfani da Raman spectrometer (Horiba Co., Japan) tare da Laser He-Ne (632.8 nm) a matsayin tushen tashin hankali.Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET; BELSORP mini II, MicrotracBEL, Corp.) ya yi amfani da BELSORP mini II analyzer (MicrotracBEL Corp.) don auna ƙananan zafin jiki N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms don ƙididdige wani yanki na musamman da kuma rarraba girman pore.
Duk ma'auni na lantarki, irin su cyclic voltammetry (CV) da chronoamperometry (CA), an yi su a kan PGSTAT302N potentiostat (Metrohm-Autolab) a dakin da zafin jiki ta amfani da tsarin lantarki uku a cikin 0.1 M NaOH bayani mai ruwa.An yi amfani da na'urar lantarki mai aiki bisa na'urar lantarki ta carbon (GC), lantarki na Ag/AgCl, da farantin platinum azaman lantarki mai aiki, lantarki mai tunani, da kuma na'urar lantarki, bi da bi.An rubuta CVs tsakanin 0 da 0.6 V a nau'ikan sikanin 5-100 mV s-1.Don auna ECSA, an yi CV a cikin kewayon 0.1-0.2 V a nau'ikan dubawa daban-daban (5-100 mV s-1).Nemi amsawar CA samfurin don glucose a 0.5 V tare da motsawa.Don auna hankali da zaɓi, yi amfani da 0.01-6 mM glucose, 0.1 mM LA, DA, AA, da UA a cikin 0.1 M NaOH.An gwada sake haifuwar UNCO ta amfani da na'urorin lantarki daban-daban guda uku waɗanda aka ƙara su da glucose 5 mM a ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayi.An kuma bincika maimaitawar ta hanyar yin ma'auni uku tare da lantarki UNCO guda ɗaya a cikin sa'o'i 6.
Duk bayanan da aka samar ko aka tantance a cikin wannan binciken an haɗa su a cikin wannan labarin da aka buga (da ƙarin fayil ɗin bayaninsa).
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