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Dangane da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kimiyyar rayuwa, dabarun bincike da hanyoyin warkewa bisa ingantacciyar magani kwanan nan sun jawo hankali sosai saboda aiwatar da amfani da sabbin hanyoyin injiniya a fannonin likitanci da yawa, musamman a fannin ilimin likitanci.A cikin wannan tsarin, yin amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi don kai hari kan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a cikin ciwace-ciwacen daji don haifar da lahani na inji akan ma'auni daban-daban yana jan hankali daga masana kimiyya a duniya.Yin la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan, dangane da hanyoyin magance lokaci na elastodynamic da ƙididdiga na ƙididdigewa, muna gabatar da bincike na farko na ƙirar kwamfuta na yaduwar duban dan tayi a cikin kyallen takarda don zaɓar mitoci masu dacewa da iko ta hanyar iska mai iska ta gida.Sabuwar dandamalin bincike don fasahar On-Fiber dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda ake kira allurar asibiti kuma an riga an ƙirƙira ta.An yi imani da cewa sakamakon bincike da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halittu na iya ba da hanya don sababbin hanyoyin bincike da hanyoyin warkewa waɗanda za su iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikace-aikacen madaidaicin magani a nan gaba, zana daga fannonin kimiyyar lissafi.Haɓaka haɓaka tsakanin ilimin halitta ya fara.
Tare da haɓaka yawan adadin aikace-aikacen asibiti, buƙatar rage tasirin sakamako akan marasa lafiya a hankali ya fara fitowa.Don wannan, madaidaicin magani1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ya zama manufa mai mahimmanci don rage yawan magungunan da ake bayarwa ga marasa lafiya, da gaske bin manyan hanyoyi guda biyu.Na farko ya dogara ne akan wani magani da aka tsara bisa ga bayanan kwayoyin halittar mara lafiya.Na biyu, wanda ya zama ma'auni na zinariya a cikin ciwon daji, yana da nufin kauce wa tsarin isar da miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar ƙoƙarin sakin ƙananan ƙwayoyi, yayin da a lokaci guda yana haɓaka daidaito ta hanyar amfani da maganin gida.Maƙasudin ƙarshe shine kawar da ko aƙalla rage mummunan tasirin hanyoyin warkewa da yawa, kamar chemotherapy ko tsarin sarrafa radionuclides.Dangane da nau'in ciwon daji, wuri, kashi na radiation, da sauran dalilai, har ma da maganin radiation na iya samun babban haɗari ga nama mai lafiya.A cikin maganin glioblastoma6,7,8,9 tiyata an yi nasarar kawar da ciwon daji da ke cikin ciki, amma ko da babu metastases, ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kasancewa.Idan ba a cire su gaba daya ba, sabbin masu ciwon daji na iya girma cikin kankanin lokaci.A cikin wannan mahallin, ƙayyadaddun dabarun magunguna da aka ambata suna da wahala a yi amfani da su saboda waɗannan kutsen suna da wahalar ganowa da kuma bazuwa a cikin wani yanki mai girma.Wadannan shingen sun hana tabbataccen sakamako don hana duk wani sake dawowa tare da madaidaicin magani, don haka hanyoyin isar da tsarin tsarin sun fi son a wasu lokuta, kodayake magungunan da ake amfani da su na iya samun yawan guba.Don shawo kan wannan matsala, kyakkyawar hanyar magani ita ce a yi amfani da dabarun cin zarafi kaɗan waɗanda za su iya kai hari kan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ba tare da cutar da nama mai lafiya ba.Dangane da wannan gardama, yin amfani da vibrations na ultrasonic, wanda aka nuna ya shafi ciwon daji da kuma kwayoyin lafiya daban-daban, duka a cikin tsarin unicellular da kuma a cikin gungu na mesoscale daban-daban, kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Daga mahangar injiniyoyi, ƙwayoyin lafiya da masu ciwon daji a haƙiƙa suna da mitoci daban-daban.Wannan dukiya yana da alaƙa da canje-canjen oncogenic a cikin kayan aikin injiniya na tsarin cytoskeletal na ƙwayoyin ciwon daji12,13, yayin da ƙwayoyin tumor sun kasance, a matsakaici, sun fi nakasa fiye da kwayoyin halitta.Don haka, tare da mafi kyawun zaɓi na mitar duban dan tayi don ƙarfafawa, girgizar da aka haifar a wuraren da aka zaɓa na iya haifar da lalacewa ga tsarin rayuwa mai cutar kansa, rage tasirin tasirin muhalli mai kyau.Wadannan illolin da ba a fahimta ba tukuna na iya haɗawa da lalata wasu sassan tsarin salon salula saboda yawan girgizar da aka yi ta hanyar duban dan tayi (a bisa ka'ida mai kama da lithotripsy14) da lalacewar salula saboda wani abu mai kama da gajiya na inji, wanda hakan na iya canza tsarin salon salula. .shirye-shirye da kuma mechanobiology.Ko da yake wannan ka'idar bayani alama ya zama mai matukar dacewa, da rashin alheri ba za a iya amfani da shi a lokuta inda anechoic nazarin halittu Tsarin hana kai tsaye aikace-aikace na duban dan tayi, misali, a cikin intracranial aikace-aikace saboda gaban kashi, da kuma wasu nono ƙari talakawan suna located a adipose. nama.Attenuation na iya iyakance wurin yiwuwar tasirin warkewa.Don shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin, dole ne a yi amfani da duban dan tayi a cikin gida tare da ƙera na'urori na musamman waɗanda za su iya isa wurin da ba shi da iska a matsayin ƙasa da ɓarna kamar yadda zai yiwu.Da wannan a zuciyarmu, mun yi la'akari da yiwuwar yin amfani da ra'ayoyin da suka danganci yiwuwar ƙirƙirar wani sabon tsarin fasaha mai suna "asibitin allura"15.Ma'anar "Asibitin a cikin allura" ya ƙunshi haɓakar kayan aikin likitanci kaɗan don bincike da aikace-aikacen warkewa, dangane da haɗuwa da ayyuka daban-daban a cikin allurar likita ɗaya.Kamar yadda aka tattauna dalla-dalla a cikin sashin allura na Asibiti, wannan ƙaramin na'urar ta dogara ne akan fa'idodin 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 fiber optic probes, waɗanda, saboda halayensu, sun dace da sakawa cikin daidaitattun 20. alluran likita, 22 lumens.Yin amfani da sassaucin da fasahar Lab-on-Fiber (LOF) 23 ke bayarwa, fiber yana zama ingantaccen dandamali na musamman don ƙananan na'urorin bincike da shirye-shirye don amfani, gami da biopsy na ruwa da na'urorin biopsy nama.a cikin ganewar biomolecular24,25, isar da magunguna na gida mai haske26,27, ingantaccen hoto na duban dan tayi na gida28, thermal therapy29,30 da gano nama na tushen spectroscopy31.A cikin wannan ra'ayi, ta yin amfani da tsarin ƙaddamarwa dangane da na'urar "allura a cikin asibiti", muna bincika yiwuwar inganta haɓakawar gida na tsarin nazarin halittu ta hanyar amfani da yaduwar raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar allura don tayar da raƙuman ruwa a cikin yankin sha'awa..Saboda haka, ƙananan zafin warkewa duban dan tayi za a iya amfani da kai tsaye zuwa hadarin yankin tare da kadan invasiveness ga sonicating Kwayoyin da kuma kananan m formations a taushi kyallen takarda, kamar yadda a cikin hali na intracranial tiyata da aka ambata, wani karamin rami a cikin kwanyar dole ne a saka tare da allura.Ƙaddamar da sakamakon binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da na gwaji da ke nuna cewa duban dan tayi na iya dakatarwa ko jinkirta ci gaban wasu cututtuka, 32,33,34 tsarin da aka tsara zai iya taimakawa wajen magance, aƙalla bisa ƙa'ida, maɓalli na cinikayya tsakanin m da curative effects.Tare da waɗannan la'akari, a cikin takarda na yanzu, mun bincika yiwuwar yin amfani da na'urar allura a asibiti don ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta don ciwon daji.More daidai, a cikin Watsawa Analysis of Spherical Tumor Mass for Estaimating Growth-Dogara duban dan tayi Frequency sashe, mu yi amfani da ingantaccen elastodynamic hanyoyin da acoustic watsa ka'idar don hango ko hasashen girman mai siffar zobe m ciwace-ciwacen daji girma a cikin wani roba matsakaici.taurin da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙwayar cuta da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta saboda haɓakar haɓakar kayan haɓaka.Bayan da muka bayyana tsarin mu, wanda muke kira "Asibitin a cikin Allura" sashe, a cikin "Asibitin a cikin allura", muna nazarin yaduwar raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic ta hanyar alluran likita a mitoci da aka annabta kuma samfurin su na lamba yana haskaka yanayin da za a yi nazari. babban ma'auni na geometric (ainihin diamita na ciki , tsayi da kaifi na allura), yana rinjayar watsawar ƙarfin sauti na kayan aiki.Ganin buƙatar haɓaka sabbin dabarun injiniya don ingantaccen magani, an yi imanin cewa binciken da aka gabatar zai iya taimakawa wajen samar da sabon kayan aiki don maganin ciwon daji dangane da yin amfani da duban dan tayi da aka ba da ita ta hanyar dandamalin warkewa mai haɗaka wanda ke haɗa duban dan tayi tare da sauran mafita.Haɗe, kamar isar da magunguna da aka yi niyya da bincike na ainihin lokaci a cikin allura ɗaya.
Tasirin samar da dabarun injina don magance cututtukan da ke cikin gida ta hanyar amfani da kuzarin ultrasonic (ultrasound) ya kasance makasudin takaddun takardu da yawa da ke magana a cikin ka'ida da gwaji tare da tasirin tasirin ƙarancin ƙarfi na ultrasonic akan tsarin kwayar halitta guda 10, 11, 12 .Wannan sakamakon yana nuna cewa, bisa ƙa'ida, ƙwayoyin tumor za a iya zaɓe su ta hanyar abubuwan motsa jiki waɗanda ke kiyaye muhallin gida.Wannan dabi'a ta haifar da mahimmin shaidar cewa, a mafi yawan lokuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta sun fi lalacewa fiye da ƙwayoyin lafiya, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka ikon su na yaduwa da ƙaura37,38,39,40.Dangane da sakamakon da aka samu tare da nau'ikan tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, misali a microscale, an kuma nuna zaɓin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a cikin mesoscale ta hanyar nazarin lambobi na martanin jituwa na tarawar sel daban-daban.Samar da kashi daban-daban na sel masu ciwon daji da lafiyayyun ƙwayoyin cuta, tarin salula masu yawa suna tara ɗaruruwan micrometers a girman an gina su cikin tsari.A cikin mesolevel na waɗannan tarawa, ana adana wasu ƙananan sifofi na ban sha'awa saboda aiwatar da manyan abubuwan tsarin kai tsaye waɗanda ke nuna halayen injinan sel guda ɗaya.Musamman, kowane tantanin halitta yana amfani da tsarin gine-gine mai ƙarfi don kwaikwayi martanin nau'ikan tsarin cytoskeletal da aka riga aka ƙaddara, ta haka yana shafar taurinsu gaba ɗaya12,13.Hasashen ka'idar da gwaje-gwajen in vitro na wallafe-wallafen da ke sama sun ba da sakamako mai ban sha'awa, yana nuna buƙatar yin nazarin yanayin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (LITUS), kuma kimantawa na yawan iska mai yawa na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yana da mahimmanci.matsayi LITUS don aikace-aikacen kan-site.
Duk da haka, a matakin nama, bayanin submacroscopic na ɓangaren mutum ba makawa ya ɓace, kuma ana iya gano kaddarorin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da za a bi don bibiyar ci gaban taro da matsalolin gyare-gyaren da ke haifar da damuwa, la'akari da tasirin macroscopic. girma.Canje-canje a cikin elasticity na nama akan sikelin 41.42.Lalle ne, ba kamar unicellular da tara tsarin, m ƙari talakawa girma a taushi kyallen takarda saboda a hankali tarawa na aberrant saura damuwa, wanda canza halitta inji Properties saboda karuwa a cikin overall intratumoral rigidity, da kuma ƙari sclerosis sau da yawa ya zama kayyade factor a gano ƙari.
Tare da waɗannan la'akari, a nan muna nazarin amsawar sonodynamic na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta wanda aka ƙirƙira azaman haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta.Fiye da daidai, abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da matakin ƙwayar cuta an ƙaddara bisa ga ka'idoji da sakamakon gwajin da wasu marubuta suka samu a cikin aikin da suka gabata.Daga cikin su, an yi nazarin juyin halitta na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta 41,43,44 41,43,44 a hade tare da nau'i-nau'i masu mahimmanci don hango ko hasashen ci gaban ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da alaƙa da damuwa na intratumoral.Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, girma (misali, inelastic prestretching) da saura damuwa suna haifar da gyare-gyare na ci gaba na kaddarorin ƙari, ta haka kuma yana canza amsawar sauti.Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa a cikin ref.41 haɗin haɓakar haɓakawa da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a cikin ciwace-ciwace an nuna su a cikin kamfen na gwaji a cikin samfuran dabbobi.Musamman, kwatancen taurin da yaurin nono na nono daban-daban tare da taurin da aka samu ta hanyar kirkirar filin da ake samu iri ɗaya da kuma yin la'akari da filin wahalar da aka annabta da aka annabta ingancin samfurin..A cikin wannan aikin, ana amfani da sakamakon binciken da aka samu a baya da kuma gwaji don haɓaka sabon dabarun warkewa da aka haɓaka.Musamman, girman da aka annabta tare da daidaitattun kaddarorin juriya na juyin halitta an ƙididdige su anan, waɗanda don haka aka yi amfani da su don ƙididdige adadin mitar waɗanda yawan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da aka saka a cikin mahalli ya fi kulawa.Don wannan karshen, mun ta haka ne bincikar da tsauri hali na ƙari taro a daban-daban matakai, dauka a daban-daban matakai, shan la'akari acoustic Manuniya daidai da kullum yarda da ka'idar watsawa a mayar da martani ga ultrasonic stimuli da kuma nuna yiwuwar resonant mamaki na spheroid. .ya danganta da ƙari da bambance-bambancen da suka dogara da girma a cikin taurin kai tsakanin kyallen takarda.
Don haka, an ƙirƙira yawan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta azaman nau'ikan radius \ (a \) a cikin kewayen mahalli na roba dangane da bayanan gwaji da ke nuna yadda ƙaƙƙarfan sifofi ke tsiro a wurin a cikin sifofi.Dangane da Hoto na 1, ta yin amfani da haɗin kai \ (\ { r, \ theta , \ varphi \} \) (inda \(\theta \) da \ (\varphi \) ke wakiltar kusurwar anomaly da azimuth kwana bi da bi), yankin tumor ya mamaye Yankin da ke cikin lafiyayyan sarari \({\mathcal {V}}_{T}=\{(r,\theta,\varphi):r\le a\}\) yanki mara iyaka \({\mathcal { V} _{H} = \{(r,\theta,\varphi):r > a\}\).Dangane da Ƙarin Bayani (SI) don cikakken bayanin ƙirar lissafi bisa ingantacciyar tushen elastodynamic da aka ruwaito a yawancin wallafe-wallafe45,46,47,48, mun yi la'akari a nan wata matsala da ke da yanayin oscillation axisymmetric.Wannan zato yana nuna cewa duk masu canji a cikin ƙari da wuraren lafiya sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga azimuthal coordinate \(\varphi\) kuma babu wani murdiya da ke faruwa ta wannan hanyar.Sakamakon haka, ana iya samun matsuguni da filayen damuwa daga madaidaitan ma'auni guda biyu \(\phi = \ hat {\phi} \ hagu ( {r, \ theta} \ dama) e ^ { { - i \omega {\kern 1pt } t }} \) da \ (\chi = \ hat {\chi } \ hagu ( {r, \ theta } \ dama) e ^ { { - i \ omega {\kern 1pt} t }} , su ne bi da bi tare da igiyar tsayi mai tsayi da igiyar shear, lokacin daidaituwa t tsakanin hawan \ (\theta \) da kusurwar tsakanin alkiblar igiyar abin da ya faru da matsayi vector \ ({\mathbf {x)) \) kamar yadda aka nuna a adadi 1) da kuma \(\omega = 2\pi f\) na wakiltar mitar angular.Musamman, filin abin da ya faru ana kera shi ta hanyar motsin jirgin sama \(\phi_{H}^{(in)}\) (wanda kuma aka gabatar da shi a cikin tsarin SI, a cikin ma'auni (A.9)) yana yaduwa zuwa girman jiki. bisa ga bayanin doka
inda \(\phi_{0}\) shine ma'aunin girman girman.Fadada yanayin yanayin motsin jirgin da ya faru (1) ta amfani da aikin igiyar igiyar ruwa shine madaidaicin hujja:
Inda \(j_{n}\) shine aikin Bessel mai siffar zobe na nau'in tsari na farko \(n\), kuma \(P_{n}\) shine ma'auni na Legendre.Wani ɓangare na abin da ya faru na ɓangaren saka hannun jari ya bazu a cikin matsakaicin da ke kewaye kuma ya mamaye filin abin da ya faru, yayin da ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ya warwatse a cikin filin, yana ba da gudummawa ga rawar jiki.Don yin wannan, mafita masu jituwa na ma'aunin ma'aunin kalaman \(\nabla^{2} \hat{\phi } + k_{1}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} \hat{\phi } = 0\,\ ) da \ (\ nabla^{2} {\mkern 1mu} \hat{\chi} + k_{2}^{2} \hat{\chi} = 0\), wanda Eringen45 ya bayar misali (duba kuma SI). ) na iya nuna ƙari da wuraren lafiya.Musamman, raƙuman faɗaɗa tarwatsawa da raƙuman ruwa na isovolumic waɗanda aka haifar a cikin matsakaicin mai watsa shiri \ (H \) sun yarda da nau'ikan kuzarin su:
Daga cikin su, ana amfani da aikin Hankel mai siffar zobe na nau'in farko na \(h_{n}^{(1)}\) don yin la'akari da tarwatsewar igiyar ruwa mai fita, da \(\alpha_{n}\) da \(\beta_{ n}\ ) su ne abubuwan da ba a san su ba.a cikin lissafin.A cikin ma'auni (2)–(4), sharuɗɗan \(k_{H1}\) da \(k_{H2}\) suna nuna lambobin raƙuman ruwa na raƙuman raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman ruwa a cikin babban yanki na jiki, bi da bi ( duba SI).Filayen matsawa a cikin ƙari da canje-canje suna da sifa
Inda \ (k_{T1} \(\ eta_{n} {\mkern 1mu} \).Dangane da waɗannan sakamakon, abubuwan da ba su da sifili da ɓangarorin matsuguni suna halayyar yankuna masu lafiya a cikin matsalar da ake la'akari, kamar \(u_{Hr}\) da \(u_{H\theta}\) (\(u_{) H \ varphi }\ ) zato ba a ƙara buƙata) - ana iya samun shi daga dangantakar \(u_{Hr} = \ partial_{r} \ hagu ( {\phi + \ partial_{r} (r\chi) } \dama) + k_}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) da \(u_{H\theta} = r^{- 1} \ partial_{\theta} hagu({\phi + \ partial_{r } ( r\chi ) } \ dama) \) ta hanyar kafa \(\phi = \ phi_{H}^{(in)} + \ phi_{H}^{(s)} \) da \ (\chi = \chi_ {H}^ {(s)}\) (duba SI don samun cikakken ilimin lissafi).Hakazalika, maye gurbin \(\phi = \ phi_{T}^{(s)}\) da \(\chi = \chi_{T}^{(s)}\) ya dawo {Tr} = \ partial_{r} \hagu( {\phi + \ partial_{r} (r\chi)} \ dama) + k_{T2}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) da \(u_{T\theta} = r^{-1}\ partial _{\theta }\hagu({\phi +\partial_{r}(r\chi )}\dama)\).
(Hagu) Geometry na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai girma da ta girma a cikin yanayi mai kyau ta hanyar abin da filin da ya faru ya yadu, (dama) Daidaitaccen juyin halitta na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a matsayin aikin radius ƙari, bayanan da aka ruwaito (wanda aka karɓa daga Carotenuto et al. 41) daga cikin gwaje-gwajen matsawa an sami vitro daga ƙaƙƙarfan ciwace-ciwacen nono da aka yi da ƙwayoyin MDA-MB-231.
Yin la'akari da kayan roba na layi na layi da kayan isotropic, abubuwan da ba su da sifili na damuwa a cikin yankuna masu lafiya da ƙari, watau (\sigma_{Hpq}\) da \ (\sigma_{Tpq}\) - yi biyayya da dokar Hooke ta gabaɗaya, ganin cewa akwai su ne daban-daban Lame moduli , wanda ke siffanta mai masauki da kuma elasticity tumor, wanda aka nuna a matsayin \ (\ { \ mu_ {H} , \ , \ lambda_ {H} \} \ ) da \ (\ { \mu_ {T} , \ , \lambda_ {T} \}\) (duba Equation (A.11) don cikakken bayanin abubuwan damuwa da aka wakilta a SI).Musamman, bisa ga bayanai a cikin tunani 41 kuma an gabatar da su a cikin Hoto 1, ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na ciwace-ciwace.Don haka, sauye-sauye da damuwa a cikin yankunan da aka yi garkuwa da su da ƙari ana ƙaddara gaba ɗaya har zuwa saitin abubuwan da ba a san su ba \({{ \varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{ \ alpha_{n} ,{\mkern 1mu } \ beta_{n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n} ,\eta_{n} \}\ ) yana da ma'auni mara iyaka.Don nemo waɗannan madaidaicin ma'auni, an gabatar da musaya masu dacewa da yanayin iyaka tsakanin ƙari da wuraren lafiya.Ɗaukar cikakkiyar ɗaurin ɗauri a mahaɗar mahaɗar ƙari \(r = a \), ci gaba da ƙaura da damuwa yana buƙatar yanayi masu zuwa:
Tsarin (7) yana samar da tsarin daidaitawa tare da mafita marasa iyaka.Bugu da kari, kowane yanayin iyaka zai dogara ne akan rashin daidaituwar \ (\theta \).Don rage matsalar ƙimar iyaka zuwa cikakkiyar matsala ta algebra tare da rufaffiyar tsarin \(N\), kowannensu yana cikin abin da ba a sani ba \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{\alpha_ {n},{ \mkern 1mu} \beta_{n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n}, \eta_{n} \}_{n = 0,…,N}\) (tare da \ ( N \) zuwa \ infty \), a ka'ida), da kuma kawar da dogara ga ma'auni akan sharuɗɗan trigonometric, ana rubuta yanayin mu'amala a cikin nau'i mai rauni ta amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin Legendre polynomials.Musamman ma, ana ninka lissafin (7)1,2 da (7)3,4 da \(P_{n} \hagu( {\cos \theta} \ dama)\) da \(P_{n}^{) 1} \hagu( { \cos\theta} \ dama) \) sannan a haɗa tsakanin \(0\) da \(\pi \) ta amfani da bayanan lissafi:
Don haka, yanayin dubawa (7) yana dawo da tsarin ma'auni na algebra, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi a sigar matrix azaman \({\mathbb{D}}_{n} (a) \cdot {{\varvec{\upxi}} } _{n} = {\mathbf{q}}_{n} (a)\) kuma sami wanda ba a san shi ba ta hanyar warware dokar Cramer.
Don ƙididdige juzu'in kuzarin da aka warwatse ta wurin da kuma samun bayanai game da martaninsa na sauti dangane da bayanan da ke yaɗuwar filin da ke yaɗawa a cikin matsakaicin mai watsa shiri, adadin sauti yana da ban sha'awa, wanda shine daidaitaccen ɓangaren watsawar bistatic.Musamman sashin ƙetare mai watsewa, mai nuna alamar \(s), yana bayyana ma'auni tsakanin ƙarfin sautin da aka watsa ta siginar da aka watsar da kuma rabon makamashin da igiyar ruwa ta faru.Dangane da wannan, girman aikin siffar \(\hagu| {F_{\infty} \hagu(\theta \right)} \right|^{2}\) shine adadin da ake yawan amfani dashi wajen nazarin hanyoyin sauti. saka a cikin ruwa mai ƙarfi ko ƙaƙƙarfan Watsewar abubuwa a cikin laka.Hakazalika, an ayyana girman aikin siffa azaman bambance-bambancen rarraba giciye \(ds \) kowane yanki na yanki, wanda ya bambanta ta al'ada zuwa alkiblar yada igiyar ruwa:
inda \(f_{n}^{pp}\) da \(f_{n}^{ps}\) ke nuni da aikin modal, wanda ke nufin rabon iko na igiyar tsayin tsayi da tarwatsewar igiyar ruwa dangane da abin da ya faru P-wave a cikin matsakaicin karɓar, bi da bi, an ba da su tare da maganganu masu zuwa:
Za'a iya yin nazarin ayyukan ɓangarori na ɓangaren (10) da kansa daidai da ka'idar watsawa mai resonant (RST) 49,50,51,52, wanda ke ba da damar raba maƙasudin elasticity daga jimlar ɓataccen filin lokacin nazarin halaye daban-daban.Bisa ga wannan hanya, aikin sigar tsarin za a iya bazuwa zuwa jimlar sassa guda biyu daidai, wato \(f_{n} = f_{n}^{(res)} + f_{n}^{(b)}\ ) suna da alaƙa da girman girman bangon baya da kuma mara kyau, bi da bi.Ayyukan siffar yanayin resonant yana da alaƙa da amsawar manufa, yayin da baya yawanci yana da alaƙa da siffar mai watsawa.Don gano tsarin farko na maƙasudi na kowane yanayi, girman aikin sifar resonance na modal \(\ hagu| {f_{n}^{(res)} \hagu( \theta \ dama)} \ dama|\ ) ana ƙididdige shi yana ɗaukan bango mai wuyar gaske, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan da ba za a iya samun su ba a cikin kayan masaukin roba.Wannan hasashe yana motsa shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa, a gaba ɗaya, duka ƙulla da ƙima suna ƙaruwa tare da haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta saboda ragowar matsa lamba.Don haka, a matakin girma mai tsanani, ana sa ran rabon impedance \ (\rho_{T} c_{1T} /\rho_{H} c_{1H}\) zai fi 1 don yawancin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da ke tasowa cikin taushi. kyallen takarda.Alal misali, Krouskop et al.53 ya ba da rahoton rabon ciwon daji zuwa al'ada na yau da kullun na kusan 4 don nama na prostate, yayin da wannan ƙimar ta ƙaru zuwa 20 don samfuran naman nono.Wadannan alaƙa ba makawa suna canza rashin ƙarfi na nama, kamar yadda kuma aka nuna ta hanyar bincike na elastography54,55,56, kuma yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da kauri na nama wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ƙwayar cuta.An kuma lura da wannan bambanci tare da gwajin matsawa mai sauƙi na ƙwayar nono na ruwa da yawa, da kuma gyara kayan masarufi na girma-iri na girma da yawa na iri-iri ba ta girma ba43,44.Bayanan taurin da aka samu suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da juyin halittar Matashi na ƙaƙƙarfan ciwace-ciwace bisa ga dabara \(E_{T} = S\ hagu( {1 – \nu ^{2}} \ dama)/a\sqrt \ varepsilon \ ) (Spheres tare da radius \ (a \), taurin \(S \) da Poisson's ratio \(\nu \) tsakanin faranti guda biyu masu tsauri 57, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 1).Don haka, yana yiwuwa a sami ma'aunin haɓakar sauti na ƙwayar cuta da mai watsa shiri a matakan girma daban-daban.Musamman, idan aka kwatanta da ma'auni na nama na al'ada daidai da 2 kPa a cikin siffa 1, na'urar roba na nono a cikin girma na kimanin 500 zuwa 1250 mm3 ya haifar da karuwa daga kimanin 10 kPa zuwa 16 kPa, wanda shine daidai da bayanan da aka ruwaito.a cikin nassoshi 58, 59 an gano cewa matsa lamba a cikin samfuran nama na nono shine 0.25-4 kPa tare da ɓarna precompression.Har ila yau ɗauka cewa rabon Poisson na nama mai kusan rashin fahimta shine 41.60, wanda ke nufin cewa yawan ƙwayar nama ba ya canzawa sosai yayin da ƙarar ya karu.Musamman, ana amfani da matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan yawan jama'a \(\rho = 945 \, {\ rubutu {kg}} \, {\ rubutu {m}} ^ { - 3} \) 61.Tare da waɗannan la'akari, taurin zai iya ɗaukar yanayin bango ta amfani da magana mai zuwa:
Inda ba a sani ba akai-akai \(\widehat{{\varvec{\upxi))))_{n} = \{\delta_{n} ,\upsilon_{n} \}\) la'akari da ci gaba. son zuciya ( 7 )2,4, wato, ta hanyar warware tsarin algebraic \(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) \cdot \widehat{({\varvec{\upxi}}) } } _{n } = \widehat{{\mathbf{q}}}_{n} (a)\) hade da kananan yara\(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) = \ {{ \ mathbb{D}}_{n} (a)\}_{{\{(1,3),(1,3)\}}}\) {\mathbf {q}}}_{n} (а) \hagu( {res} \dama)\,pp}} \hagu( \theta \ dama)} \dama| = \hagu|{f_{n}^{pp} \hagu( \theta \ dama) - f_{ n}^{pp(b)} \hagu( \theta \ dama)} \ dama|\) da \( \ hagu|{f_{n}^{{\hagu( {res} \ dama)\,ps} } \hagu( \theta \ dama)} \ dama|= \ hagu|{f_{n}^{ps} \hagu( \theta \ dama) - f_{n}^{ps(b)} \hagu( \ theta \ dama)} \ dama|\) na nufin P-wave excitation da P- da S-wave, bi da bi.Bugu da ari, an kiyasta girman girman farko a matsayin \(\theta = \ pi \), kuma an kiyasta girman girman na biyu a matsayin \(\theta = \ pi/4 \).By loading daban-daban abun da ke ciki kaddarorin.Hoto 2 ya nuna cewa resonant fasali na ƙari spheroids har zuwa game da 15 mm a diamita ne yafi mayar da hankali a cikin mita band na 50-400 kHz, wanda ya nuna yiwuwar yin amfani da low-mita duban dan tayi don jawo resonant ƙari excitation.Kwayoyin.Mai yawa.A cikin wannan mitar, nazarin farko sun bayyana abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa 6 zuwa 6, sun nuna alama a cikin tsararren 3. Anan, duka pp- da ƙananan pS- da ƙananan pass-da yawa, waɗanda ke ƙaruwa daga game da 20 kHz don yanayin 1 zuwa kusan 60 kHz don n = 6, yana nuna babu wani muhimmin bambanci a cikin radius sphere.Ayyukan resonant ps sannan ya lalace, yayin da haɗe-haɗe da manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan amplitude pp suna ba da ɗan lokaci na kusan 60 kHz, yana nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mitar tare da haɓaka lambar yanayin.An yi duk nazarin ta amfani da software na kwamfuta na Mathematica®62.
Ayyukan nau'in nau'i na baya da aka samo daga tsarin ƙwayar nono na nau'in nau'i daban-daban an nuna su a cikin siffa 1, inda aka nuna mafi girman nau'i na watsawa tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayin.
Matsalolin da aka zaɓa daga \ (n = 1 \) zuwa \ (n = 6 \), an ƙididdige su akan zumudi da tunani na P-wave a nau'ikan ƙari daban-daban (baƙar fata daga \ (\ hagu | {f_{ n} ^) {{\ hagu( {res} \dama)\,pp}} \hagu( \pi \dama)} \dama| = \hagu|. {f_{n}^{pp} \hagu ( \pi \ dama) - f_{n }^{pp(b)} \hagu( \pi \ dama)} \ dama f_{n }^{{\hagu( {res} \dama)\,ps}} \hagu( {\pi /4} \dama)} \dama| = \hagu| {f_{n} ^{ ps} \hagu( {\pi /4} \ dama) – f_{n}^{ps(b)} \hagu( {\pi /4} \ dama)} \ dama | \)).
Sakamakon wannan bincike na farko ta amfani da yanayi mai nisa na iya jagorantar zaɓin mitoci na musamman na tuƙi a cikin simintin ƙididdiga masu zuwa don nazarin tasirin damuwa na microvibration akan taro.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa daidaitawar mitoci mafi kyau na iya zama ƙayyadaddun matakai a yayin haɓakar ƙwayar cuta kuma ana iya ƙaddara ta amfani da sakamakon samfuran girma don kafa dabarun biomechanical da aka yi amfani da su a cikin maganin cututtuka don tsinkaya daidaitaccen gyaran nama.
Gagarumin ci gaba a fasahar nanotechnology suna jan al'ummar kimiyya don nemo sabbin hanyoyin warwarewa da hanyoyin haɓaka na'urorin likitanci marasa ƙarfi da ƙarancin ɓarna don aikace-aikacen vivo.A cikin wannan mahallin, fasahar LOF ta nuna ikon da ya dace don fadada iyawar fibers na gani, yana ba da damar haɓaka sabbin na'urorin fiber na gani kaɗan don aikace-aikacen kimiyyar rayuwa21, 63, 64, 65. Tunanin haɗakar 2D da kayan 3D tare da sinadarai da ake so, nazarin halittu, da kaddarorin gani a tarnaƙi 25 da/ko ƙare 64 na fibers na gani tare da cikakken ikon sararin samaniya a nanoscale yana haifar da fitowar sabon aji na fiber optic nanooptodes.yana da fa'idodin bincike da ayyukan warkewa.Abin sha'awa shine, saboda abubuwan da suke da su na geometric da injiniyoyi (ƙananan ɓangaren giciye, babban ɓangaren rabo, sassauci, ƙananan nauyi) da kuma daidaitawar kayan aiki (yawanci gilashi ko polymers), fibers na gani sun dace da shigarwa cikin allura da catheters.Aikace-aikacen likitanci20, yana ba da hanya don sabon hangen nesa na "asibitin allura" (duba hoto 4).
A zahiri, saboda matakan 'yanci da fasahar LOF ke bayarwa, ta hanyar amfani da haɗin gwiwar micro- da nanostructures waɗanda aka yi daga kayan ƙarfe daban-daban da / ko kayan dielectric, fiber na gani za a iya yin aiki yadda yakamata don takamaiman aikace-aikacen sau da yawa suna goyan bayan haɓakar yanayin resonant., Filin haske 21 yana da matsayi mai ƙarfi.Ƙunƙarar haske a kan ma'aunin tsayin daka, sau da yawa a hade tare da sinadaran da / ko sarrafa halittu63 da kuma haɗakar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci irin su polymers65,66 mai hankali na iya haɓaka iko akan hulɗar haske da kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya zama da amfani ga dalilai na theranostic.Zaɓin nau'i da girman haɗaɗɗun abubuwan da aka haɗa/kayan a fili ya dogara da sigogi na zahiri, na halitta ko sinadarai da za a gano21,63.
Haɗuwa da bincike na LOF a cikin alluran likitancin da aka kai ga takamaiman wurare a cikin jiki zai ba da damar ruwa na gida da biopsies na nama a cikin vivo, ba da izinin jiyya na gida lokaci guda, rage tasirin sakamako da haɓaka inganci.Dama mai yuwuwa sun haɗa da gano ƙwayoyin halittu masu yaduwa iri-iri, gami da kansa.biomarkers ko microRNAs (miRNAs) 67, ganewar kyallen takarda ta hanyar amfani da linzamin kwamfuta da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa kamar Raman spectroscopy (SERS) 31, babban hoton hoto na hoto22,28,68, tiyata laser da ablation69, da magungunan isar da gida ta amfani da haske27 da jagora ta atomatik na allura a cikin jikin mutum20.Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa duk da cewa amfani da fiber na gani yana guje wa rashin amfani na yau da kullun na hanyoyin "na gargajiya" dangane da abubuwan lantarki, kamar buƙatar haɗin wutar lantarki da kasancewar tsangwama na lantarki, wannan yana ba da damar na'urori masu auna firikwensin LOF daban-daban don haɗawa da kyau a cikin tsarin.allura likita daya.Dole ne a ba da kulawa ta musamman don rage illolin cutarwa kamar gurɓata yanayi, tsangwama na gani, toshewar jiki waɗanda ke haifar da tasirin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin ayyuka daban-daban.Duk da haka, gaskiya ne kuma yawancin ayyukan da aka ambata ba dole ba ne su kasance masu aiki a lokaci guda.Wannan al'amari yana ba da damar aƙalla rage tsangwama, don haka iyakance mummunan tasiri akan aikin kowane bincike da daidaiton hanya.Wadannan la'akari sun ba mu damar yin la'akari da manufar "allura a asibiti" a matsayin hangen nesa mai sauƙi don kafa tushe mai tushe don tsararrun allurar warkewa na gaba a cikin ilimin kimiyyar rayuwa.
Dangane da takamaiman aikace-aikacen da aka tattauna a cikin wannan takarda, a cikin sashe na gaba za mu bincika lambobi iyawar allurar likita don jagorantar raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic cikin kyallen jikin mutum ta amfani da yaduwar su tare da axis.
Yada raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic ta hanyar allura na likita da aka cika da ruwa kuma an saka su cikin kyallen takarda masu laushi (duba zane a cikin siffa 5a) an tsara su ta amfani da software na Comsol Multiphysics na kasuwanci dangane da hanya mai iyaka (FEM) 70, inda aka tsara allura da nama. a matsayin yanayi na roba na layi.
Dangane da Hoto na 5b, an ƙirƙiri allurar azaman silinda mara ƙarfi (wanda kuma aka sani da “cannula”) wanda aka yi da bakin karfe, daidaitaccen abu don allurar likita71.Musamman, an ƙirƙira shi da Modules E = 205 GPa, Rabo na Poisson ν = 0.28, da yawa ρ = 7850 kg m -372.73.Geometrically, allurar tana da tsayin L, diamita na ciki D (wanda ake kira "clearance") da kaurin bango t.Bugu da ƙari, ana la'akari da tip ɗin allurar a cikin kusurwar α dangane da madaidaiciyar shugabanci (z).Girman ruwa da gaske yayi daidai da siffar yankin ciki na allura.A cikin wannan bincike na farko, an ɗauka cewa allurar ta nutsar da ita gaba ɗaya a cikin wani yanki na nama (wanda ake zaton zai iya ƙarawa har abada), wanda aka tsara a matsayin nau'i na radius rs, wanda ya kasance mai tsayi a 85 mm yayin duk simulations.A cikin ƙarin daki-daki, mun gama yanki mai siffar zobe tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin Layer (PML), wanda aƙalla yana rage raƙuman ruwa maras so waɗanda ke nunawa daga iyakoki na “hasken”.Sa'an nan kuma muka zaɓi radius rs don sanya iyakar yanki mai nisa da nisa daga allura don kada ya shafi maganin lissafin lissafi, kuma ƙananan isa don kada ya shafi farashin lissafin simulation.
Ana amfani da juzu'in tsayin tsayin jituwa na mita f da amplitude A zuwa ƙananan iyakar jumhuriyar stylus;wannan yanayin yana wakiltar abin ƙara kuzari da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin simulated geometry.A sauran iyakokin allura (a cikin hulɗa da nama da ruwa), ana la'akari da samfurin da aka yarda da shi ya haɗa da dangantaka tsakanin al'amuran jiki guda biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da alaƙa da injiniyoyin tsarin (na yanki na allura), da kuma ɗayan zuwa injiniyoyin gini.(don yankin acicular), don haka an sanya yanayin da ya dace akan acoustics (don ruwa da yankin acicular)74.Musamman ma, ƙananan girgizar da aka yi wa wurin zama na allura yana haifar da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki;don haka, da ɗauka cewa allurar tana aiki kamar matsakaici na roba, za'a iya ƙididdige vector na motsi U daga ma'aunin ma'auni na elastodynamic (Navier)75.Juyawan tsari na allura yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin matsa lamba na ruwa a cikinsa (wanda ake la'akari da shi a tsaye a cikin ƙirarmu), sakamakon haka raƙuman sauti suna yaduwa zuwa madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar allura, da gaske suna yin biyayya ga lissafin Helmholtz76.A ƙarshe, ɗauka cewa abubuwan da ba su dace ba a cikin kyallen takarda ba su da kyau kuma girman raƙuman ruwa ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da girman raƙuman matsa lamba, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin Helmholtz don yin samfuri na yaduwar raƙuman sauti a cikin kyallen takarda.Bayan wannan kusantar, ana ɗaukar nama azaman ruwa77 tare da ƙimar 1000 kg/m3 da saurin sauti na 1540 m/s (ba kula da tasirin damping masu dogaro da mitar).Don haɗa waɗannan filayen jiki guda biyu, wajibi ne don tabbatar da ci gaba da motsi na al'ada a kan iyakar m da ruwa, ma'auni mai mahimmanci tsakanin matsa lamba da danniya perpendicular zuwa iyaka na m, da kuma tangential danniya a kan iyaka na. ruwa dole ne ya zama daidai da sifili.75 .
A cikin bincikenmu, muna bincikar yaduwar raƙuman sauti tare da allura a ƙarƙashin yanayin tsayawa, muna mai da hankali kan tasirin joometry na allurar akan fitar da raƙuman ruwa a cikin nama.Musamman, mun bincika tasirin diamita na ciki na allurar D, tsayin L da kusurwar bevel α, tare da kiyaye kauri t a kayyade a 500 µm ga duk lamuran da aka yi nazari.Wannan darajar t yana kusa da daidaitaccen kauri na bango 71 don alluran kasuwanci.
Ba tare da asarar gabaɗaya ba, mitar f na ƙaurawar jituwa da aka yi amfani da shi a gindin allura an ɗauke shi daidai da 100 kHz, kuma girman A shine 1 μm.Musamman ma, an saita mitar zuwa 100 kHz, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da aka bayar a cikin sashin "Bayyana bincike na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta don ƙididdige matakan duban dan tayi na girma", inda aka sami wani hali mai kama da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. mitar mitar 50-400 kHz, tare da girman girman watsawa mafi girma da aka mayar da hankali a ƙananan mitoci a kusa da 100-200 kHz (duba siffa 2).
Siga na farko da aka yi nazari shine diamita na ciki D na allura.Don dacewa, an ayyana shi azaman juzu'in juzu'i na tsayin igiyoyin sauti a cikin rami na allura (watau cikin ruwa λW = 1.5 mm).Lallai, al'amuran yada igiyoyin ruwa a cikin na'urorin da aka siffanta su da nau'ikan lissafi (misali, a cikin jagorar raƙuman ruwa) galibi suna dogara ne da girman siffar jumlolin da aka yi amfani da su idan aka kwatanta da tsayin igiyoyin watsawa.Bugu da ƙari, a cikin bincike na farko, domin ya fi dacewa da tasiri na diamita D a kan yaduwar sautin murya ta hanyar allura, mun yi la'akari da tip mai laushi, saita kusurwa α = 90 °.A lokacin wannan bincike, an saita tsawon allurar L a 70 mm.
A kan fig.6a yana nuna matsakaicin ƙarfin sauti azaman aikin ma'aunin sikelin sikelin SD, watau D = λW/SD da aka kimanta a cikin sarari tare da radius na 10 mm a tsakiya akan tip ɗin allura.Sigar sikelin SD tana canzawa daga 2 zuwa 6, watau muna la'akari da ƙimar D daga 7.5 mm zuwa 2.5 mm (a f = 100 kHz).Hakanan kewayon ya haɗa da daidaitaccen ƙimar 71 don allurar likitancin bakin karfe.Kamar yadda ake tsammani, diamita na ciki na allurar yana rinjayar ƙarfin sautin da allurar ke fitarwa, tare da matsakaicin darajar (1030 W / m2) daidai da D = λW / 3 (watau D = 5 mm) da kuma raguwar yanayin tare da raguwa. diamita.Ya kamata a yi la'akari da cewa diamita D shine ma'auni na geometric wanda kuma yana shafar ɓarna na na'urar likita, don haka ba za a iya watsi da wannan muhimmin al'amari lokacin zabar mafi kyawun darajar ba.Saboda haka, ko da yake raguwa a cikin D yana faruwa ne saboda ƙananan watsawar ƙarfin sauti a cikin kyallen takarda, don binciken da ke gaba, diamita D = λW / 5, watau D = 3 mm (daidai da ma'auni na 11G71 a f = 100 kHz) , ana la'akari da daidaituwa mai ma'ana tsakanin kutsawar na'urar da watsa ƙarfin sauti (matsakaicin kusan 450 W/m2).
Matsakaicin ƙarfin sautin da ke fitowa ta tip ɗin allurar (la'akari da lebur), dangane da diamita na ciki na allurar (a), tsayi (b) da kusurwar bevel α (c).Tsawon (a, c) shine 90 mm, kuma diamita a (b, c) shine 3 mm.
Ma'auni na gaba da za a yi nazari shine tsawon allura L. Kamar yadda binciken da aka yi a baya, muna la'akari da kusurwar da ba ta dace ba α = 90 ° kuma tsawon yana da ma'auni a matsayin ma'auni na raƙuman ruwa a cikin ruwa, watau la'akari L = SL λW. .Ana canza ma'aunin sikelin maras girma SL daga 3 zuwa 7, don haka ana ƙididdige matsakaicin ƙarfin sautin da ke fitowa daga titin allura a cikin kewayon tsayi daga 4.5 zuwa 10.5 mm.Wannan kewayon ya haɗa da dabi'u na yau da kullun don allurar kasuwanci.Ana nuna sakamakon a cikin fig.6b, yana nuna cewa tsayin allura, L, yana da tasiri mai girma akan watsa sautin sauti a cikin kyallen takarda.Musamman, inganta wannan siga ya ba da damar inganta watsawa ta kusan tsari na girma.A zahiri, a cikin kewayon tsayin da aka bincika, matsakaicin ƙarfin sauti yana ɗaukar matsakaicin gida na 3116 W/m2 a SL = 4 (watau L = 60 mm), ɗayan kuma yayi daidai da SL = 6 (watau L = 90). mm).
Bayan nazarin tasirin diamita da tsayin allura akan yaduwar duban dan tayi a cikin geometry na cylindrical, mun mai da hankali kan tasirin kusurwar bevel akan watsa ƙarfin sauti a cikin kyallen takarda.An kimanta matsakaicin ƙarfin sautin da ke fitowa daga tip ɗin fiber a matsayin aikin kusurwar α, yana canza ƙimarsa daga 10 ° (kaifi mai kaifi) zuwa 90 ° (lafazin tip).A wannan yanayin, radius na haɗin haɗin gwiwa a kusa da tip ɗin allurar da aka yi la'akari da shi shine 20 mm, don haka ga duk ƙimar α, an haɗa tip ɗin allurar a cikin ƙarar da aka ƙididdige daga matsakaici.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.6c, lokacin da aka kaifi tip, watau, lokacin da α ya rage farawa daga 90 °, ƙarfin sautin da aka watsa yana ƙaruwa, ya kai matsakaicin darajar kimanin 1.5 × 105 W/m2, wanda yayi daidai da α = 50 °, watau 2. tsari ne na girma mafi girma dangane da yanayin ƙasa.Tare da ƙarin kaifi na tip (watau a α ƙasa da 50°), ƙarfin sauti yana ƙoƙarin raguwa, yana kaiwa ga ƙima mai kama da ƙaƙƙarfan tip.Duk da haka, ko da yake mun yi la'akari da nau'i-nau'i na kusurwoyi masu yawa don abubuwan kwaikwayo na mu, yana da daraja la'akari da cewa ƙaddamar da tip yana da mahimmanci don sauƙaƙe shigar da allura a cikin nama.A haƙiƙa, ƙaramin kusurwar bevel (kimanin 10°) na iya rage ƙarfin 78 da ake buƙata don shiga nama.
Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar ƙarfin sautin da ake watsawa a cikin nama, kusurwar bevel kuma yana rinjayar jagorancin yaduwar raƙuman ruwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin matakan matakan sauti da aka nuna a cikin siffa 7a (don lebur tip) da 3b (don 10 °). ).beveled tip), a layi daya Hanyar madaidaiciya ana kimantawa a cikin jirgin siminti (yz, cf. Hoto 5).A iyakar waɗannan la'akari guda biyu, matakin matsin sauti (wanda ake magana da shi a matsayin 1 µPa) ya fi maida hankali ne a cikin rami na allura (watau cikin ruwa) kuma yana haskakawa cikin nama.A cikin ƙarin daki-daki, a cikin yanayin tudu mai laushi (Fig. 7a), rarraba matakan sautin sauti yana da daidaitattun daidaito game da shugabanci na tsayi, kuma ana iya bambanta raƙuman ruwa a cikin ruwa mai cika jiki.Wave yana tsaye a tsaye (z-axis), amplitude ya kai matsakaicin darajarsa a cikin ruwa (kimanin 240 dB) kuma yana raguwa ta hanyar wucewa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar kusan 20 dB a nesa na 10 mm daga tsakiyar allura.Kamar yadda aka sa ran, gabatarwar tip mai nunawa (Fig. 7b) ya karya wannan alamar, kuma antinodes na raƙuman ruwa na tsaye "sun juya" bisa ga tip na allura.A bayyane yake, wannan asymmetry yana rinjayar tasirin radiation na titin allura, kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya (Fig. 6c).Don ƙarin fahimtar wannan al'amari, an kimanta ƙarfin sautin tare da yanke layin orthogonal zuwa madaidaiciyar shugabanci na allura, wanda ke cikin jirgin sama na alamar allurar kuma yana nesa da 10 mm daga tip na allurar ( sakamako a cikin Hoto 7c).Musamman mahimmanci, rarraba ƙarfin sauti da aka kimanta a 10 °, 20 ° da 30 ° madaidaicin kusurwa (layukan shuɗi, ja da koren kore, bi da bi) an kwatanta su da rarraba kusa da ƙarshen lebur (baƙar fata masu lankwasa).Ƙarfin rarrabawar da ke da alaƙa da allura mai lebur ya bayyana yana da ma'ana game da tsakiyar allurar.Musamman, yana ɗaukar darajar kimanin 1420 W/m2 a cibiyar, zubar da kusan 300 W/m2 a nesa na ~ 8 mm, sannan ya ragu zuwa darajar kimanin 170 W / m2 a ~ 30 mm. .Yayin da tip ɗin ya zama mai nuni, lobe na tsakiya yana rarraba zuwa ƙarin lobes na tsanani daban-daban.Musamman ma, lokacin da α ya kasance 30 °, ana iya bambanta petals uku a fili a cikin bayanin martaba da aka auna a 1 mm daga tip na allura.Na tsakiya kusan kusan a tsakiyar allura kuma yana da ƙimar ƙima na 1850 W / m2, kuma mafi girma a hannun dama yana kusan 19 mm daga tsakiyar kuma ya kai 2625 W / m2.A α = 20 °, akwai manyan lobes 2: daya da -12 mm a 1785 W / m2 da daya ta 14 mm a 1524 W / m2.Lokacin da tip ya zama mai kaifi kuma kusurwa ya kai 10 °, an kai iyakar 817 W / m2 a kusan -20 mm, kuma wasu lobes guda uku na ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan suna bayyane tare da bayanin martaba.
Matsayin matsi na sauti a cikin jirgin siminti y–z na allura mai lebur ƙarshen (a) da 10° bevel (b).(c) Acoustic tsanani rarraba kiyasta tare da yanke line perpendicular zuwa a tsaye shugabanci na allura, a nesa na 10 mm daga tip na allura da kuma kwance a cikin jirgin na m yz.Tsawon L shine 70 mm kuma diamita D shine 3 mm.
A hade, waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa ana iya amfani da alluran likita yadda ya kamata don watsa duban dan tayi a 100 kHz cikin nama mai laushi.Ƙarfin sautin da aka fitar ya dogara ne akan nau'in lissafi na allura kuma ana iya inganta shi (bisa ga iyakokin da aka sanya ta hanyar cin zarafi na na'urar ƙarshe) har zuwa ƙididdiga a cikin kewayon 1000 W / m2 (a 10 mm).da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa kasan allura 1. A cikin yanayin rashin daidaituwa na micrometer, ana la'akari da allurar da za a shigar da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin nama mai laushi mara iyaka.Musamman ma, kusurwar bevel da karfi yana rinjayar tsanani da kuma jagorancin yada raƙuman sauti a cikin nama, wanda da farko yana haifar da orthogonality na yanke tip ɗin allura.
Don tallafawa ci gaba da sababbin hanyoyin magance ciwon daji bisa ga yin amfani da fasahar likitanci marasa cin zarafi, an yi nazarin yaduwar ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayin ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar nazari da ƙididdigewa.Musamman ma, a cikin kashi na farko na binciken, wani maganin elastodynamic na wucin gadi ya ba mu damar yin nazarin watsar da raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic a cikin ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta.Sa'an nan kuma, an zaɓi mitoci na odar ɗaruruwan kilohertz, kuma aikace-aikacen gida na damuwa na girgiza a cikin yanayin ƙwayar cuta ta amfani da injin allurar likita an tsara shi a cikin simintin lambobi ta hanyar nazarin tasirin manyan sigogin ƙira waɗanda ke ƙayyade canja wurin sautin murya. ikon kayan aiki zuwa yanayi.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da alluran likitanci yadda ya kamata don lalata kyallen takarda tare da duban dan tayi, kuma tsananinsa yana da alaƙa da ma'aunin geometrical na allurar, wanda ake kira daɗaɗɗen sautin murya.A haƙiƙa, ƙarfin iska mai iska ta hanyar nama yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka diamita na ciki na allura, yana kaiwa matsakaicin lokacin da diamita ya ninka ninki uku.Tsawon allurar kuma yana ba da ɗan 'yanci don inganta haɓakawa.Haƙiƙa sakamakon ƙarshe yana ƙara girma lokacin da aka saita tsayin allura zuwa wani nau'in tsayin tsayin aiki (musamman 4 da 6).Abin sha'awa, don yawan kewayon sha'awa, ingantaccen diamita da ƙimar tsayi suna kusa da waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don daidaitattun alluran kasuwanci.Ƙaƙwalwar bevel, wanda ke ƙayyade kaifi na allura, kuma yana rinjayar fitar da iska, yana kaiwa kusan 50 ° kuma yana ba da kyakkyawan aiki a kusan 10 °, wanda aka saba amfani dashi don allurar kasuwanci..Za a yi amfani da sakamakon kwaikwaiyo don jagorantar aiwatarwa da ingantawa na dandalin bincike na intraneedle na asibiti, haɗawa da bincike da duban dan tayi tare da sauran hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na na'urar da kuma fahimtar haɗin gwiwar daidaitattun magunguna.
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