Sabuwar dabarar dubawa tana samar da hotuna tare da cikakken daki-daki wanda zai iya kawo sauyi ga nazarin jikin mutum.
Lokacin da Paul Taforo ya ga hotunan gwajinsa na farko na COVID-19 wadanda abin ya shafa, ya yi tunanin ya gaza.Masanin burbushin halittu ta hanyar horarwa, Taforo ya shafe watanni yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi a duk faɗin Turai don mai da abubuwan ƙara kuzari a cikin Alps na Faransa zuwa kayan aikin binciken likita na juyin juya hali.
Ya kasance a ƙarshen Mayu 2020, kuma masana kimiyya sun yi marmarin fahimtar yadda COVID-19 ke lalata sassan jikin ɗan adam.An umurci Taforo don haɓaka hanyar da za ta iya amfani da manyan haskoki na X-ray da European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ke samarwa a Grenoble, Faransa.A matsayinsa na masanin kimiyar ESRF, ya tura iyakoki na manyan haskoki na x-ray na burbushin dutse da busassun mummies.Yanzu ya firgita da tawul ɗin takarda masu laushi, masu ɗaure.
Hotunan sun nuna masu dalla-dalla fiye da kowane CT scan na likita da suka taɓa gani a baya, wanda ke ba su damar shawo kan taurin kai game da yadda masana kimiyya da likitoci ke hangowa da fahimtar sassan jikin ɗan adam."A cikin litattafan ilmin jiki, idan kun gan shi, yana da girma, ƙananan ma'auni ne, kuma suna da kyawawan hotuna da aka zana da hannu don dalili ɗaya: fassarar fasaha ne saboda ba mu da hotuna," Jami'ar College London (UCL) ) in ji..Babbar mai bincike Claire Walsh ta ce."A karon farko za mu iya yin ainihin abin."
Taforo da Walsh wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa na masu bincike sama da 30 waɗanda suka ƙirƙira sabuwar dabarar sikanin X-ray mai ƙarfi da ake kira Hierarchical Phase Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT).Da shi, a ƙarshe za su iya fita daga cikakkiyar gaɓar jikin mutum zuwa faɗaɗa ra'ayi na mafi ƙanƙanta tasoshin jini ko ma sel guda ɗaya.
Wannan hanyar ta riga ta ba da sabon haske game da yadda COVID-19 ke lalata da kuma gyara hanyoyin jini a cikin huhu.Kodayake tsammaninta na dogon lokaci yana da wuyar tantancewa saboda babu wani abu kamar HiP-CT da ya taɓa wanzuwa a baya, masu binciken da ke jin daɗin yuwuwar sa suna cike da sha'awar ganin sabbin hanyoyin fahimtar cututtuka da taswirar jikin ɗan adam tare da taswirar yanayi mafi inganci.
Likitan zuciya na UCL Andrew Cooke ya ce: “Mafi yawan mutane na iya mamakin cewa mun shafe shekaru aru aru muna nazarin yanayin halittar zuciya, amma babu yarjejeniya kan tsarin da aka saba da shi na zuciya, musamman zuciya… Kwayoyin tsoka da yadda take canzawa. lokacin da zuciya ta buga.”
"Na dade ina jiran duk aikina," in ji shi.
Dabarar HiP-CT ta fara ne lokacin da wasu likitocin Jamus guda biyu suka fafata don bin diddigin sakamakon cutar SARS-CoV-2 a jikin mutum.
Danny Jonigk, masanin cututtukan thoracic a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Hannover, da Maximilian Ackermann, masanin ilimin cututtuka a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mainz, sun kasance cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana yayin da labarin cutar huhu da ba a saba gani ba ya fara yaduwa a kasar Sin.Dukansu sun sami gogewa game da yanayin huhu kuma sun san nan da nan cewa COVID-19 ba sabon abu bane.Ma'auratan sun damu musamman game da rahotannin "hypoxia shiru" wanda ya sa marasa lafiyar COVID-19 su farka amma ya sa matakan iskar oxygen na jininsu ya ragu.
Ackermann da Jonig suna zargin SARS-CoV-2 ko ta yaya ke kai hari kan tasoshin jini a cikin huhu.Lokacin da cutar ta bazu zuwa Jamus a cikin Maris 2020, ma'auratan sun fara binciken gawarwakin mutanen da ke fama da COVID-19.Ba da daɗewa ba suka gwada hasashen jijiyarsu ta hanyar shigar da resin cikin samfuran nama sannan suka narkar da nama a cikin acid, suna barin ingantaccen samfurin asalin vasculature.
Amfani da wannan dabarar, Ackermann da Jonigk sun kwatanta kyallen takarda daga mutanen da ba su mutu daga COVID-19 ba da na mutanen da suka yi.Nan da nan suka ga cewa a cikin wadanda abin ya shafa na COVID-19, an karkatar da mafi ƙarancin tasoshin jini a cikin huhu kuma an sake gina su.Waɗannan sakamako masu ban mamaki, waɗanda aka buga akan layi a watan Mayu 2020, sun nuna cewa COVID-19 ba cuta ce ta numfashi ba, a'a cuta ce ta jijiyoyin jini da za ta iya shafar gabobin jiki a ko'ina cikin jiki.
"Idan ka bi ta cikin jiki kuma ka daidaita dukkan hanyoyin jini, za ka sami mil 60,000 zuwa 70,000, wanda ya ninka nisan da ke kusa da equator," in ji Ackermann, masanin cututtukan cututtuka daga Wuppertal, Jamus..Ya kara da cewa idan har kashi 1 cikin 100 na wadannan magudanan jini ne kwayar cutar ta kai hari, to za a yi kasa a gwiwa wajen kwararar jini da karfin shakar iskar oxygen wanda hakan zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga gaba daya.
Da zarar Jonigk da Ackermann suka fahimci tasirin COVID-19 akan tasoshin jini, sun fahimci cewa suna buƙatar fahimtar lalacewar.
X-ray na likita, irin su CT scans, na iya ba da ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya gabobin jiki, amma ba su da isasshen ƙarfi.Biopsy yana bawa masana kimiyya damar bincika samfuran nama a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, amma hotunan da aka samo suna wakiltar ƙaramin sashi na gaba ɗaya kuma ba za su iya nuna yadda COVID-19 ke tasowa a cikin huhu ba.Kuma fasahar resin da ƙungiyar ta haɓaka tana buƙatar narkar da nama, wanda ke lalata samfurin kuma yana iyakance ƙarin bincike.
"A ƙarshen rana, [huhu] yana samun iskar oxygen kuma carbon dioxide yana fita, amma saboda haka, yana da dubban mil mil na jijiyoyin jini da capillaries, mai zurfi sosai… kusan abin al'ajabi ne," in ji Jonigk, wanda ya kafa, babban mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Huhu ta Jamus."Don haka ta yaya za mu iya kimanta wani abu mai rikitarwa kamar COVID-19 ba tare da lalata gabobin ba?"
Jonigk da Ackermann suna buƙatar wani abu da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba: jerin radiyon x-ray na sashin jiki ɗaya wanda zai ba masu bincike damar haɓaka sassan gabobin zuwa sikelin salula.A cikin Maris 2020, duo na Jamus sun tuntuɓi abokin aikinsu na dogon lokaci Peter Lee, masanin kimiyyar kayan aiki kuma shugaban fasahar da ke tasowa a UCL.Kwarewar Lee ita ce nazarin kayan halitta ta hanyar amfani da hasken X-ray mai ƙarfi, don haka nan da nan tunaninsa ya juya zuwa Alps na Faransa.
Cibiyar Radiation ta Turai Synchrotron tana kan filaye mai kusurwa uku a arewa maso yammacin Grenoble, inda koguna biyu suka hadu.Abun wani abu ne mai sauri wanda ke aika electrons a cikin kewayawa da'ira mai tsayin mil mil a kusan saurin haske.Yayin da waɗannan electrons ke jujjuyawa a cikin da'ira, maɗaukaki masu ƙarfi a cikin kewayawa suna karkatar da magudanar ruwa, yana haifar da electrons don fitar da wasu daga cikin fitattun hasken X-ray a duniya.
Wannan radiation mai ƙarfi yana ba ESRF damar yin rahõto akan abubuwa akan ma'aunin micrometer ko ma nanometer.Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don nazarin kayan aiki irin su alloys da composites, don nazarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta na sunadaran, har ma don sake gina tsohuwar kasusuwa ba tare da raba dutse da kashi ba.Ackermann, Jonigk da Lee sun so su yi amfani da ƙaton kayan aikin don ɗaukar filayen x-ray na gabobin ɗan adam a duniya.
Shigar da Taforo, wanda aikinsa a ESRF ya tura iyakokin abin da synchrotron scanning zai iya gani.Dabarunsa masu ban sha'awa a baya sun ƙyale masana kimiyya su leƙa cikin ƙwai na dinosaur kuma sun kusan yanke buɗaɗɗen mummies, kuma kusan nan da nan Taforo ya tabbatar da cewa synchrotrons na iya bincikar dukkan lobes na huhu da kyau.Amma a haƙiƙa, bincikar sassan jikin ɗan adam babban ƙalubale ne.
A gefe guda, akwai matsalar kwatanta.Madaidaicin haskoki na x-ray suna ƙirƙirar hotuna dangane da yawan radiation na kayan daban-daban, tare da abubuwa masu nauyi suna ɗaukar fiye da masu sauƙi.Nassoshi masu laushi galibi an yi su ne da abubuwa masu haske—carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, da sauransu—don haka ba sa nunawa a sarari akan x-ray na likita na gargajiya.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa game da ESRF shine cewa hasken X-ray ɗinsa yana da daidaituwa sosai: haske yana tafiya a cikin raƙuman ruwa, kuma a yanayin ESRF, duk hasken X-ray ɗinsa yana farawa ne da mita ɗaya da daidaitawa, kullum yana motsawa, kamar ƙafar ƙafar hagu. ta Reik ta hanyar lambun zen.Amma yayin da waɗannan X-ray ɗin ke wucewa ta cikin abin, ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin yawa na iya sa kowane X-ray ya ɗan bambanta daga hanya, kuma bambancin yana da sauƙi don ganowa yayin da X-ray ya yi nisa daga abin.Waɗannan ɓangarorin na iya bayyana bambance-bambancen bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin abu, ko da an yi shi da abubuwa masu haske.
Amma kwanciyar hankali wani batu ne.Domin daukar jerin manyan haskoki na x-ray, dole ne a gyara gaɓar a cikin siffarta ta yadda ba za ta lanƙwasa ko motsi fiye da dubu na millimita ba.Bugu da ƙari, x-ray na gaba na gaba ɗaya ba zai dace da juna ba.Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, duk da haka, jiki na iya zama mai sassauƙa sosai.
Lee da tawagarsa a UCL sun yi niyya don tsara kwantena waɗanda za su iya jure wa haskoki X-ray na synchrotron yayin da suke barin raƙuman ruwa da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu.Har ila yau Lee ya kula da tsarin gabaɗayan aikin—alal misali, cikakkun bayanai game da jigilar sassan jikin ɗan adam tsakanin Jamus da Faransa—ya kuma ɗauki Walsh, wanda ya ƙware a manyan bayanai na ƙwayoyin cuta, don taimakawa wajen gano yadda za a tantance na'urar.Komawa cikin Faransa, aikin Taforo ya haɗa da inganta tsarin dubawa da gano yadda za a adana gabobin a cikin akwati da ƙungiyar Lee ke ginawa.
Tafforo ya san cewa don kada gabobin su bazu ba, kuma hotuna su kasance a bayyane kamar yadda zai yiwu, dole ne a sarrafa su tare da wasu sassa na ethanol mai ruwa.Ya kuma san cewa yana buƙatar daidaita sashin jiki akan wani abu wanda ya dace daidai da girman gabobin.Shirinsa shi ne ko ta yaya ya sanya gabobin a cikin agar mai arzikin ethanol, wani abu mai kama da jelly da aka ciro daga ciyawa.
Duk da haka, shaidan yana cikin cikakkun bayanai - kamar yadda a yawancin Turai, Taforo ya makale a gida kuma an kulle shi.Don haka Taforo ya motsa bincikensa zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na gida: Ya shafe shekaru yana ƙawata wani tsohon babban ɗakin dafa abinci tare da firintocin 3D, kayan aikin sinadarai na yau da kullun da kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don shirya ƙasusuwan dabba don bincike na jiki.
Taforo ya yi amfani da kayayyaki daga kantin sayar da kayan abinci na gida don gano yadda ake yin agar.Har ma yana tattara ruwan guguwa daga rufin da ya share kwanan nan don yin ruwan da aka lalatar da shi, daidaitaccen sinadari a cikin dabarun agar-lab.Don yin aikin tattara gabobin agar, ya ɗauki hanjin alade daga wani gidan yanka na gida.
An share Taforo don komawa zuwa ESRF a tsakiyar watan Mayu don gwajin gwajin huhu na farko na aladu.Daga Mayu zuwa Yuni, ya shirya kuma ya duba ledar huhun hagu na wani mutum mai shekaru 54 wanda ya mutu daga COVID-19, wanda Ackermann da Jonig suka ɗauka daga Jamus zuwa Grenoble.
"Lokacin da na ga hoton farko, akwai wasiƙar neman gafara a cikin imel ɗina ga duk wanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin: mun gaza kuma ba zan iya samun ingantaccen hoto ba," in ji shi."Na aika musu da hotuna guda biyu wadanda suka kasance masu muni a gare ni amma suna da kyau."
Ga Lee na Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, Hotunan suna da ban sha'awa: Hotunan gaba ɗaya sun yi kama da daidaitaccen gwajin CT na likita, amma "sau miliyan ƙarin bayani."Kamar dai mai binciken ya kasance yana nazarin daji tsawon rayuwarsa, ko dai yana shawagi a kan dajin a cikin wani katon jirgin sama, ko kuma yana tafiya a kan hanya.Yanzu suna tashi sama da alfarwa kamar tsuntsaye a kan fuka-fuki.
Kungiyar ta buga cikakken bayanin su na farko game da tsarin HiP-CT a cikin Nuwamba 2021, kuma masu binciken sun kuma fitar da cikakkun bayanai kan yadda COVID-19 ke shafar wasu nau'ikan yaduwa a cikin huhu.
Hakanan hoton yana da fa'idar da ba a zata ba: ya taimaka wa masu binciken shawo kan abokai da dangi don yin rigakafin.A cikin lokuta masu tsanani na COVID-19, yawancin tasoshin jini a cikin huhu suna bayyana bazuwa kuma sun kumbura, kuma a ɗan ƙarami, ƙananan ƙullun ƙananan jini na iya tasowa.
"Lokacin da kuka kalli tsarin huhu daga mutumin da ya mutu daga COVID, ba ya kama da huhu - rikici ne," in ji Tafolo.
Ya kara da cewa, ko a cikin lafiyayyun sassan jikin mutum, binciken da aka yi ya nuna dalla-dalla wasu siffofi na jikin mutum da ba a taba rubutawa ba saboda ba a taba yin bincike kan wata gabobin jikin mutum dalla-dalla ba.Tare da sama da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudade daga Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (kungiyar da ba ta riba wacce Shugaban Facebook Mark Zuckerberg da matar Zuckerberg, likita Priscilla Chan suka kafa), ƙungiyar HiP-CT a halin yanzu tana ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira atlas na gabobin ɗan adam.
Ya zuwa yanzu, kungiyar ta fitar da sikelin gabobin jiki guda biyar - zuciya, kwakwalwa, koda, huhu, da saifa - bisa ga gabobin da Ackermann da Jonigk suka bayar yayin gwajin gawar COVID-19 a Jamus da bangaren kiwon lafiya na LADAF.Laboratory Anatomical na Grenoble.Tawagar ta samar da bayanan, da kuma fina-finan jirgin sama, bisa bayanan da ake samu a Intanet kyauta.The Atlas of Human Organs yana karuwa da sauri: an duba wasu gabobin 30, kuma wasu 80 suna cikin matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye.Kusan ƙungiyoyin bincike daban-daban 40 ne suka tuntubi ƙungiyar don ƙarin koyo game da tsarin, in ji Li.
UCL likitan zuciya Cook yana ganin babban yuwuwar amfani da HiP-CT don fahimtar ainihin jikin mutum.Masanin rediyo na UCL Joe Jacob, wanda ya ƙware kan cutar huhu, ya ce HiP-CT zai kasance "mai amfani don fahimtar cututtuka," musamman a cikin sassa uku kamar tasoshin jini.
Hatta masu fasaha sun shiga cikin fage.Barney Steele na haɗin gwiwar fasahar fasahar fasaha na tushen London Marshmallow Laser Feast ya ce yana bincike sosai kan yadda za a iya bincika bayanan HiP-CT a cikin gaskiyar gaske."A zahiri, muna ƙirƙirar tafiya ta jikin ɗan adam," in ji shi.
Amma duk da alkawuran HiP-CT, akwai matsaloli masu tsanani.Na farko, in ji Walsh, na'urar duban HiP-CT tana haifar da "yawan bayanai masu ban mamaki," a sauƙaƙe terabyte kowace gabo.Don ƙyale likitocin su yi amfani da waɗannan sikanin a cikin ainihin duniya, masu binciken suna fatan haɓaka hanyar haɗin girgije don kewaya su, kamar Google Maps don jikin ɗan adam.
Suna kuma buƙatar sauƙaƙe don canza sikanin zuwa ƙirar 3D mai aiki.Kamar duk hanyoyin CT scan, HiP-CT yana aiki ta hanyar ɗaukar nau'ikan 2D da yawa na abin da aka bayar da tara su tare.Har ma a yau, yawancin wannan tsari ana yin su ne da hannu, musamman lokacin da ake duba nama mara kyau ko marasa lafiya.Lee da Walsh sun ce fifikon ƙungiyar HiP-CT shine haɓaka hanyoyin koyo na inji wanda zai iya sauƙaƙa wannan aikin.
Waɗannan ƙalubalen za su faɗaɗa yayin da atlas na sassan jikin ɗan adam ke faɗaɗa kuma masu bincike suna daɗa buri.Ƙungiyar HiP-CT tana amfani da sabuwar na'urar katako na ESRF, mai suna BM18, don ci gaba da duba gabobin aikin.BM18 yana samar da babban katako na X-ray, wanda ke nufin yin scan ɗin yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kuma ana iya sanya na'urar gano X-ray BM18 har zuwa ƙafa 125 (mita 38) daga abin da ake bincikar, wanda zai sa ya fi sauƙi.Sakamakon BM18 ya riga ya yi kyau sosai, in ji Taforo, wanda ya sake zana wasu samfurori na asali na Human Organ Atlas akan sabon tsarin.
BM18 kuma na iya duba manyan abubuwa.Tare da sabon kayan aikin, ƙungiyar tana shirin bincikar gabaɗayan jikin ɗan adam a cikin faɗuwar rana a ƙarshen 2023.
Da yake binciko babban yuwuwar fasahar, Taforo ya ce, "Da gaske muke a farkonmu."
© 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC.An kiyaye duk haƙƙoƙi.