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Kwanan nan an nuna cewa yin amfani da duban dan tayi na iya inganta yawan amfanin nama a cikin ingantaccen ingantaccen ƙwayar allura mai ɗorewa (USeFNAB) idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada lafiya mai buri biopsy (FNAB).Har yanzu ba a bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin geometry na bevel da aikin tip ɗin allura ba.A cikin wannan binciken, mun bincika kaddarorin sautin allura da girman juzu'i don nau'ikan geometries na allura daban-daban masu tsayi daban-daban.Yin amfani da lancet na al'ada tare da yanke 3.9 mm, ma'aunin wutar lantarki na tip (DPR) ya kasance 220 da 105 µm/W a cikin iska da ruwa, bi da bi.Wannan ya fi tsayin bevel na axisymmetric 4mm, wanda ya sami DPR na 180 da 80 µm/W a cikin iska da ruwa, bi da bi.Wannan binciken yana nuna mahimmancin alaƙar da ke tsakanin lanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa na gemfurin bevel a cikin mahallin kayan taimako daban-daban, don haka na iya ba da haske kan hanyoyin sarrafa aikin yanke bayan huda ta hanyar canza gemfurin bevel na allura, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga USeFNAB.Abubuwan aikace-aikace.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) wata dabara ce da ake amfani da allura don samun samfurin nama lokacin da ake zargin rashin lafiya1,2,3.An nuna nasihu irin na Franseen don samar da aikin bincike mafi girma fiye da nasihu na Lancet4 na gargajiya da na Menghini5.Axisymmetric (watau kewaye) bevels kuma an ba da shawarar don ƙara yuwuwar samun isassun samfuri don ilimin tarihin tarihi6.
A lokacin nazarin halittu, ana wuce allura ta cikin yadudduka na fata da nama don bayyana cututtukan da ake tuhuma.Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kunnawa ultrasonic na iya rage ƙarfin huda da ake buƙata don samun damar kyallen takarda mai laushi7,8,9,10.An nuna geometry na bevel na allura yana shafar ƙarfin hulɗar allura, misali an nuna dogon bevels suna da ƙananan ƙarfin shigar nama 11 .An ba da shawarar cewa bayan allurar ta shiga saman nama, watau bayan huda, ƙarfin yanke allurar na iya zama kashi 75% na ƙarfin hulɗar allura-nama12.An nuna Ultrasound (US) don inganta ingancin ƙwayar cuta mai laushi na ƙwayar cuta a cikin bayan huda lokaci13.An samar da wasu hanyoyin da za a inganta ingancin biopsy na kashi don samfurin nama mai wuya14,15 amma ba a sami rahoton da ya inganta ingancin biopsy ba.Yawancin karatu sun kuma gano cewa ƙaura na inji yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki na duban dan tayi16,17,18.Ko da yake akwai da yawa karatu na axial (tsawon lokaci) a tsaye sojojin a cikin allura-nama interactions19,20, karatu a kan lokaci kuzarin kawo cikas da allura bevel geometry a ultrasonic Ingantattun FNAB (USeFNAB) an iyakance.
Manufar wannan binciken shine don bincika tasirin geometries daban-daban na bevel akan aikin tip ɗin allura wanda ke motsawa ta hanyar jujjuyawar allura a mitoci na ultrasonic.Musamman, mun bincika tasirin matsakaicin allura akan karkatar da tip ɗin allura bayan huda ga alluran allura na al'ada (misali, lancets), axisymmetric da asymmetric bevel geometries (Fig. don sauƙaƙe haɓakar alluran USeFNAB don dalilai daban-daban kamar tsotsawar zaɓi. samun dama ko taushi nama tsakiya.
An haɗa nau'ikan geometries daban-daban a cikin wannan binciken.(a) Lancets daidai da ISO 7864: 201636 inda \ (\ alpha \) shine babban kusurwar bevel na farko, \ (\ theta \) shine kusurwar jujjuyawar bevel na biyu, kuma \ (\ phi \) shine kusurwar jujjuyawa ta biyu a ciki. digiri , a cikin digiri ((^\circ\)).(b) madaidaiciya madaidaiciya madaidaiciya mataki chamfers (wanda ake kira "misali" a cikin DIN 13097: 201937) da (c) madaidaiciyar axisymmetric (circumferential) chamfers mataki ɗaya.
Hanyarmu ita ce fara ƙirar canji a cikin tsayin igiyar lanƙwasa tare da gangara don lancet na al'ada, axisymmetric, da geometries mai gangara-tsaki ɗaya mai asymmetric.Sa'an nan kuma muka ƙididdige nazarin ma'auni don bincika tasirin kusurwar bevel da tsayin bututu akan motsin hanyar sufuri.Anyi wannan don ƙayyade mafi kyawun tsayi don yin samfurin samfur.Dangane da simintin, an yi samfuran allura da halayen halayen su a cikin iska, ruwa, da 10% (w/v) gelatin ballistic an gwada su ta hanyar auna ma'aunin wutar lantarki da ƙididdige ingancin canja wurin wutar lantarki, daga inda mitar aiki ta kasance. ƙaddara..A ƙarshe, ana amfani da hoto mai sauri don auna karkatar da igiyar lanƙwasa kai tsaye a ƙarshen allurar a cikin iska da ruwa, da kuma ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki da kowane karkatar da wutar lantarki (DPR) ke watsawa na allurar. matsakaici.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2a, yi amfani da bututu No. 21 (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm bango kauri, daidaitaccen bango kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a cikin ISO 9626: 201621) wanda aka yi da bakin karfe 316 (Matsayin Matasa 205).(\rubutu {GN/m}^{2}\), yawan 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), Rabobin Poisson 0.275).
Ƙayyade tsayin lanƙwasawa da daidaita ƙirar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa (FEM) na allura da yanayin iyaka.(a) Ƙayyade tsayin bevel (BL) da tsayin bututu (TL).(b) Samfurin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa masu girma uku (3D) (FEM) ta amfani da ƙarfin ma'ana mai jituwa \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) don tada allurar a ƙarshen kusanci, karkatar da batu, da auna saurin gudu. kowane tip (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) don ƙididdige motsin injina.\(\lambda _y \) an ayyana shi azaman tsayin igiyar lanƙwasawa mai alaƙa da ƙarfin tsaye \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Ƙayyade tsakiyar ƙarfin nauyi, yanki-giciye A, da lokutan inertia \(I_{xx}\) da \(I_{yy}\) kewaye da axis x da y-axis bi da bi.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.2b,c, don katako mara iyaka (marasa iyaka) tare da yanki-giciye A kuma a babban tsayin raƙuman ruwa idan aka kwatanta da girman ɓangaren giciye na katako, lanƙwasawa (ko lankwasawa) saurin lokaci \(c_{EI}\) ) an siffanta shi da 22:
inda E shine modules na Matasa (\(\ rubutu {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0 \) shine mitar angular excitation (rad/s), inda \( f_0) \ ) shine mitar layi (1/s ko Hz), Ni shine lokacin rashin aiki na yankin da ke kusa da axis na sha'awa \((\rubu {m}^{4})\) da \(m'=\) rho _0 A \) shine ma'auni akan tsayin raka'a (kg/m), inda \(\rho _0 \) shine ma'auni ((\rubutu {kg/m}^{3})\) kuma A shine giciye. - yanki na katako (xy jirgin sama) (\ (\rubutu {m}^{2}\)).Tunda a cikin yanayinmu ƙarfin da aka yi amfani da shi yana daidai da y-axis na tsaye, watau \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), kawai muna sha'awar lokacin rashin kuzarin yankin da ke kusa da x- a kwance. axis, watau \(I_{xx} \), Shi ya sa:
Don ƙirar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa (FEM), ana ɗaukan ƙaura mai jituwa (m) tsantsa, don haka haɓakar (\(\rubutu {m/s} ^ {2} \)) an bayyana shi azaman \ (\ partial ^2 \ vec {u}/ \ partial t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), misali \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t):= u_x\vec {i} + u_y \vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k} \) wani nau'i ne na ƙaura mai girma uku da aka ayyana a cikin daidaitawar sararin samaniya.Maye gurbin na ƙarshe tare da nau'in Lagrangian mai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin ma'auni na doka23, bisa ga aiwatar da shi a cikin kunshin software na COMSOL Multiphysics (versions 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, Amurka), yana ba da:
Inda \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\ partial}}{\ partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \ partial }{\ partial z}\vec {k}\) shine ma'aikacin rarrabuwar kawuna, kuma \({\underline{\sigma}}\) shine na biyun Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor (tsari na biyu, \(\ rubutu) {N /m}^{2}\)), da \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) shine ma'aunin ƙarfin jiki (\(\rubutu {N/m}^{3}\)) na kowane juzu'i mai lalacewa, kuma \(e^{j\phi }\) shine lokaci na Ƙarfin jiki, yana da kusurwar lokaci \(\ phi \) (rad).A cikin yanayinmu, ƙarfin ƙarar jiki ba shi da sifili, kuma ƙirarmu tana ɗaukar layin geometric da ƙananan nakasar nakasassu zalla, watau \({\underline{\varepsilon}} ^{el} = {\underline{\varepsilon}}\ ), inda \({\underline{\varepsilon}}^{el}\) da \({\underline{\varepsilon}}\) – nakasar roba da nakasar gabaɗaya (mara girman tsari na biyu), bi da bi.Ana samun Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \ (\ underline {\ underline {C)) \) ta amfani da modules na Matasa E (\(\rubu {N/m}^{2}\)) da ma'anar Poisson's rabo v, don haka \ (\underline{\underline{C}}:=\underline{\underline{C}}(E,v)\) (tsari na huɗu).Don haka lissafin damuwa ya zama \({\underline{\sigma}} := \underline{\underline{C}}:{\underline{\varepsilon}}\).
An yi lissafin da 10-node tetrahedral abubuwa masu girman nau'in \(\ le \) 8 µm.An ƙirƙira allurar a cikin vacuum, kuma ƙimar canja wurin motsi na inji (ms-1 H-1) an ayyana shi azaman \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec {j} |/|\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, inda \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) shine hadadden saurin fitarwa na kayan hannu, da \( \ tilde{ F} _y\vec {j }\) wani hadadden ƙarfin tuƙi ne dake kusa da ƙarshen bututu, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2b.Ana bayyana motsin inji mai ɗaukar nauyi a cikin decibels (dB) ta amfani da matsakaicin ƙima azaman tunani, watau \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ ) , An gudanar da duk karatun FEM a mitar 29.75 kHz.
Tsarin allura (Fig. 3) ya ƙunshi allurar hypodermic 21 na al'ada (lambar kundin: 4665643, Sterican \ (^\circledR \), tare da diamita na waje na 0.8 mm, tsawon 120 mm, wanda aka yi da AISI. chromium-nickel bakin karfe 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Jamus) ya sanya hannun rigar Luer Lock na filastik da aka yi da polypropylene proximal tare da gyare-gyaren tip daidai.Ana sayar da bututun allura zuwa jagorar wave kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 3b.An buga waveguide akan firinta na bakin karfe 3D (EOS Bakin Karfe 316L akan firintar EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) sannan kuma an haɗa shi da firikwensin Langevin ta amfani da bolts M4.Mai fassara Langevin ya ƙunshi abubuwa 8 piezoelectric zobe tare da ma'auni biyu a kowane ƙarshen.
Nau'ikan tukwici guda huɗu (hoto), lancet na kasuwanci (L), da bevels na zamani guda uku da aka ƙera (AX1-3) an siffanta su da tsayin bevel (BL) na 4, 1.2, da 0.5 mm, bi da bi.(a) Kusa da titin allura da aka gama.(b) Babban ra'ayi na fil huɗu da aka siyar da su zuwa 3D bugu na waveguide sannan an haɗa su da firikwensin Langevin tare da kusoshi M4.
Uku axisymmetric bevel tips (Fig. 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) an ƙera su tare da tsawon bevel (BL, ƙaddara a cikin Fig. 2a) na 4.0, 1.2 da 0.5 mm, daidai da \ (\ kimanin \) 2 \ (^\) circ\), 7(^\circ\) da 18(^\circ\).Waveguide da stylus ma'auni sune 3.4 ± 0.017 g (ma'anar ± SD, n = 4) don bevel L da AX1-3, bi da bi (Quintix \ (^\circledR \) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Jamus) .Jimlar tsayi daga tip na allura zuwa ƙarshen hannun filastik shine 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm don bevel L da AX1-3 a cikin Hoto 3b, bi da bi.
Don duk saitunan allura, tsayin daga tip ɗin allura zuwa ƙarshen waveguide (watau yanki mai siyarwa) shine 4.3 cm, kuma bututun allura yana daidaitawa don bevel yana fuskantar sama (watau a layi daya da axis Y). ).), kamar yadda a cikin (Fig. 2).
Rubutun al'ada a cikin MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, Amurka) da ke gudana akan kwamfuta (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, Amurka) an yi amfani da shi don samar da sharewar sinusoidal na linzamin kwamfuta daga 25 zuwa 35 kHz a cikin daƙiƙa 7, wanda aka canza zuwa siginar analog ta mai canza dijital-zuwa-analog (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, Amurka).Ana ƙara siginar analog \ (V_0 \) (0.5 Vp-p) tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mitar rediyo (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).Ƙarfin ƙara girman faɗuwa \ ({V_I} \) yana fitowa daga amplifier na RF tare da abin fitarwa na 50 \(\ Omega \) zuwa na'urar da aka gina a cikin tsarin allura tare da impedance na 50 \ (\Omega) \) Langevin transducer (gaba da baya multilayer piezoelectric transducers, lodi da taro) ana amfani da su samar da inji tãguwar ruwa.Amplifier na RF na al'ada an sanye shi da mitar tashar wutar lantarki mai tsayi biyu (SWR) wanda zai iya gano abin da ya faru \({V_I}\) da kuma nuna ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi \ (V_R \) ta hanyar analog-to-dijital 300 kHz (AD). ) Converter (Analog Discovery 2).Ana daidaita siginar tashin hankali a farkon kuma a ƙarshe don hana yin lodin shigar da ƙararrawa tare da masu wucewa.
Yin amfani da rubutun al'ada da aka aiwatar a cikin MATLAB, aikin amsa mitar (AFC), watau yana ɗaukar tsarin tsayayye.Hakanan, yi amfani da matatar wucewar band 20 zuwa 40 kHz don cire kowane mitoci maras so daga siginar.Dangane da ka'idar layin watsawa, \(\tilde {H}(f)\) a wannan yanayin yana daidai da ma'aunin wutar lantarki, watau \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .Tun da fitarwa impedance na amplifier \ (Z_0 \) daidai da shigarwa impedance na ginannen gidan wuta na Converter, da kuma wutar lantarki tunani coefficient \ ({P_R} / {P_I} \) an rage zuwa \( {V_R }^ 2/ {V_I}^2 \ ) daidai \ (|\rho _{V}|^2 \).A cikin yanayin da ake buƙatar cikakkiyar ƙimar wutar lantarki, ƙididdige abin da ya faru \ (P_I \) da kuma nuna ikon (P_R \) (W) ta hanyar ɗaukar tushen ma'anar murabba'i (rms) ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mai dacewa, misali. don layin watsawa tare da tashin hankali na sinusoidal, \ (P = {V} ^ 2 / (2Z_0) \) 26, inda \ (Z_0 \) yayi daidai da 50 \ (\Omega \).Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka kawo wa lodin (P_T) (watau matsakaicin da aka saka) azaman \(| P_I – P_R |\) (W RMS) kuma ana iya ayyana ingancin wutar lantarki (PTE) kuma ana iya bayyana shi azaman kashi (%) don haka yana bada 27:
Sannan ana amfani da martanin mitar don ƙididdige mitoci na modal \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) na ƙirar salo da ingantaccen ƙarfin canja wurin wutar lantarki, \(\rubutu {PTE}_{1{-}3} \ ).FWHM (\(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1{-}3} \), Hz) an kiyasta kai tsaye daga \(\rubutu {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), daga Tebur 1 mitoci \(f_{1-3}\) da aka bayyana a cikin .
Hanya don auna amsawar mitar (AFC) na tsarin acicular.Ana amfani da ma'aunin share-swept-sine mai dual-channel25,38 don samun aikin amsa mitar \(\tilde{H}(f)\) da martaninsa na motsa jiki H(t).\({\mathcal {F}}\) da \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) suna nuna jujjuyawar juzu'i na lambobi da juzu'i mai juyi, bi da bi.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) yana nufin ana ninka sigina biyu a cikin mita, misali \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) yana nufin inverse scan\(\tilde{X} r( f) )\) da siginar juzu'in wutar lantarki \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.5, kyamara mai sauri (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, Amurka) sanye take da macro ruwan tabarau (MP-E 65mm, \ (f) / 2.8, 1-5 \ (\ sau \), Canon Inc. ., Tokyo, Japan) an yi amfani da su don yin rikodin jujjuyawar tip ɗin allurar da aka ƙaddamar da motsin motsi (mita guda ɗaya, ci gaba da sinusoid) a mita na 27.5-30 kHz.Don ƙirƙirar taswirar inuwa, an sanya wani abin sanyaya na babban ƙarfin farin LED (lambar sashi: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Jamus) a bayan bevel na allura.
Duban gaba na saitin gwaji.Ana auna zurfin daga saman kafofin watsa labarai.An matse tsarin allura kuma an ɗora shi akan tebirin canja wuri mai motsi.Yi amfani da kyamara mai sauri tare da babban ruwan tabarau na haɓakawa (5\(\times\)) don auna karkatar da titin da aka yi.Duk girman suna cikin millimeters.
Ga kowane nau'in bevel ɗin allura, mun yi rikodin firam ɗin kyamara masu sauri 300 na 128 \ (\ x \) 128 pixels, kowanne tare da ƙudurin sarari na 1/180 mm (\ (\kimanin) 5 µm), tare da ƙudurin ɗan lokaci. na firam 310,000 a sakan daya.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 6, kowane firam (1) ana yanke (2) ta yadda tip ɗin ya kasance a cikin layi na ƙarshe (ƙasa) na firam, sa'an nan kuma ana ƙididdige tarihin hoton (3), don haka Canny ƙofa 1 da 2 za a iya ƙaddara.Sannan a yi amfani da gano bakin Canny28(4) ta amfani da mai aikin Sobel 3 \(\times\) 3 sannan a lissafta matsayin pixel na hypotenuse mara cavitational (labeled \(\mathbf {\ times}\)) don duk matakai 300. .Don tantance tazarar juzu'i a ƙarshen, ana ƙididdige abin da aka samo asali (ta amfani da babban algorithm na tsakiya) (6) kuma an gano firam ɗin da ke ɗauke da matsanancin gida (watau kololuwar) na karkacewa (7).Bayan duba na gani gefen gefen da ba na caviting ba, an zaɓi firam biyu (ko firam biyu da aka raba ta rabin lokaci) (7) kuma an auna juzu'i (mai lakabi \ (\mathbf {\ times} \ ) na sama an aiwatar da abin da ke sama. a cikin Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) ta amfani da OpenCV Canny Edge algorithm (v4.5.1, bude tushen kwamfuta hangen nesa library, opencv.org ikon lantarki \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
An auna karkatar da tip ta amfani da jerin firam ɗin da aka ɗauka daga kyamara mai sauri a 310 kHz ta amfani da algorithm mai matakai 7 (1-7) gami da tsarawa (1-2), Gano gefen Canny (3-4), gefen pixel wuri lissafin (5) da abubuwan da suka samo asali na lokacinsu (6), kuma a ƙarshe an auna juzu'in tip-zuwa kololuwa akan nau'ikan firam ɗin da aka bincika na gani (7).
An dauki ma'auni a cikin iska (22.4-22.9 ° C), ruwa mai lalacewa (20.8-21.5 ° C) da gelatin ballistic 10% (w/v) (19.7-23.0 ° C, \ (\ rubutu {Honeywell}^{ \ rubutu {TM}}\) \(\rubutu {Fluka}^{\rubutu {TM}}) Bovine and Pork Bone Gelatin for Type I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).An auna zafin jiki tare da amplifier na nau'in K-nau'in thermocouple (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, Amurka) da nau'in thermocouple na K (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Daga matsakaita Zurfin da aka auna daga saman (saita azaman asalin z-axis) ta amfani da matakin z-axis mai motsi a tsaye (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) tare da ƙuduri na 5 µm.kowane mataki.
Tun da girman samfurin ya kasance ƙananan (n = 5) kuma ba za a iya ɗauka na al'ada ba, an yi amfani da gwajin jimlar Wilcoxon mai nau'i biyu mai wutsiya biyu (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) don kwatanta adadin bambance-bambancen tip allura don bevels daban-daban.Akwai kwatancen 3 a kowane gangara, don haka an yi amfani da gyaran Bonferroni tare da ingantaccen matakin 0.017 da kuskuren 5%.
Yanzu bari mu juya zuwa Fig.7.A mitar 29.75 kHz, lanƙwasawa rabin igiyar ruwa (\ (\lambda_y/2 \)) na allura mai ma'auni 21 shine \ (\kimanin) 8 mm.Yayin da mutum ya kusanci tip, lanƙwasawa tsayin daka yana raguwa tare da madaidaicin kusurwa.A tip \ (\lambda _y/2 \) \ (\kimanin \) akwai matakai na 3, 1 da 7 mm don lanceolate na yau da kullum (a), asymmetric (b) da axisymmetric (c) karkatar da allura guda ɗaya. , bi da bi.Don haka, wannan yana nufin cewa kewayon lancet shine \ (\ kimanin) 5 mm (saboda gaskiyar cewa jirage biyu na lancet sun zama maki guda 29,30), bevel asymmetric shine 7 mm, asymmetric bevel shine 1. mm.Axisymmetric gangara (tsakiyar nauyi ya kasance akai-akai, don haka kawai kaurin bangon bututu yana canzawa tare da gangara).
Nazarin FEM da aikace-aikacen ma'auni a mitar 29.75 kHz.(1) Lokacin ƙididdige bambancin raƙuman ruwa mai lanƙwasawa (\(\lambda_y/2 \)) don lancet (a), asymmetric (b) da axisymmetric (c) geometries bevel (kamar yadda yake cikin siffa 1a,b,c). ) .Matsakaicin ƙimar \ (\lambda_y/2 \) na lancet, asymmetric, da axisymmetric bevels shine 5.65, 5.17, da 7.52 mm, bi da bi.Lura cewa kaurin tip don asymmetric da axisymmetric bevels yana iyakance ga \(\kimanin) 50 µm.
Kololuwar motsi \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) shine mafi kyawun haɗin haɗin bututu (TL) da tsayin bevel (BL) (Hoto 8, 9).Don lancet na al'ada, tun da girmansa ya daidaita, mafi kyawun TL shine \ (\ kimanin) 29.1 mm (Fig. 8).Don asymmetric da axisymmetric bevels (Fig. 9a, b, bi da bi), nazarin FEM ya haɗa da BL daga 1 zuwa 7 mm, don haka mafi kyawun TL ya kasance daga 26.9 zuwa 28.7 mm (kewayon 1.8 mm) kuma daga 27.9 zuwa 29 .2 mm (kewaye). 1.3 mm), bi da bi.Don gangaren asymmetric (Fig. 9a), mafi kyawun TL ya karu a layi, ya kai tudu a BL 4 mm, sannan ya ragu sosai daga BL 5 zuwa 7 mm.Don bevel axisymmetric (Fig. 9b), mafi kyawun TL ya karu a layi tare da haɓaka BL kuma a ƙarshe ya daidaita a BL daga 6 zuwa 7 mm.Wani tsawaita nazarin karkatarwar axisymmetric (Fig. 9c) ya bayyana wani tsari daban-daban na TL mafi kyau a \ (\ kimanin) 35.1-37.1 mm.Ga duk BLs, nisa tsakanin mafi kyawun TL guda biyu shine \(\kimanin\) 8mm (daidai da \(\lambda_y/2 \)).
Motsi na watsa Lancet a 29.75 kHz.Allurar ta kasance cikin farin ciki mai sauƙi a mitar 29.75 kHz kuma an auna girgiza a ƙarshen allurar kuma an bayyana shi azaman adadin motsi na inji (dB dangane da matsakaicin ƙimar) don TL 26.5-29.5 mm (a cikin 0.1 mm increments) .
Nazarin parametric na FEM a mitar 29.75 kHz ya nuna cewa canja wurin motsi na tip axisymmetric ba shi da tasiri ta hanyar canjin tsayin bututu fiye da takwaransa na asymmetric.Tsawon Bevel (BL) da tsayin bututu (TL) nazarin asymmetric (a) da axisymmetric (b, c) geometries bevel a cikin binciken yanki na mita ta amfani da FEM (an nuna yanayin iyaka a cikin siffa 2).(a, b) TL ya kasance daga 26.5 zuwa 29.5 mm (mataki 0.1 mm) da BL 1-7 mm (mataki 0.5 mm).(c) Extended axisymmetric karkatar karatu ciki har da TL 25-40 mm (a cikin 0.05 mm increments) da BL 0.1-7 mm (a cikin 0.1 mm increments) nuna cewa \ (\ lambda_y / 2 \ ) dole ne hadu da bukatun na tip.yanayin iyaka mai motsi.
Tsarin allura yana da eigenfrequencies guda uku \(f_{1-3}\) zuwa ƙasa ƙasa, matsakaita da yankuna masu girma kamar yadda aka nuna a Tebur 1. An yi rikodin girman PTE kamar yadda aka nuna a fig.10 sannan an yi nazari a cikin siffa 11. A ƙasa akwai binciken ga kowane yanki na modal:
Yawan adadin ƙarfin canja wurin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun (PTE) da aka samu tare da share-mitar sinusoidal excitation don lancet (L) da axisymmetric bevel AX1-3 a cikin iska, ruwa da gelatin a zurfin 20 mm.Ana nuna bakan mai gefe ɗaya.Amsar mitar da aka auna (samfurin a 300 kHz) an tace ƙarancin wucewa sannan kuma an daidaita shi da ma'auni na 200 don nazarin modal.Matsakaicin siginar-zuwa amo shine \(\le \) 45 dB.Ana nuna matakan PTE (layi masu dige-dige-purple) a cikin digiri ((^{\circ}\)).
Binciken amsawa na modal (ma'anar ± daidaitattun daidaituwa, n = 5) wanda aka nuna a cikin siffa 10, don gangara L da AX1-3, a cikin iska, ruwa da 10% gelatin (zurfin 20 mm), tare da (saman) yankuna uku na modal. ƙananan, na tsakiya da babba) da kuma mitoci masu dacewa da su \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz), (matsakaicin) ingancin makamashi \(\rubutu {PTE}_{1{-}3} \) An ƙididdige su ta amfani da daidai. .(4) da (kasa) cikakken faɗi a rabin matsakaicin ma'auni \(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), bi da bi.Lura cewa an tsallake ma'aunin bandwidth lokacin da aka yi rijistar ƙaramin PTE, watau \(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1}\) idan akwai gangaren AX2.An gano yanayin \(f_2 \) ya fi dacewa don kwatanta karkatar da gangara, saboda ya nuna mafi girman matakin ingancin isar da wutar lantarki (\(\ rubutu {PTE}_{2}\)), har zuwa 99%.
Yankin modal na farko: \(f_1 \) baya dogara da yawa akan nau'in matsakaicin da aka saka, amma ya dogara da joometry na gangara.\(f_1 \) yana raguwa tare da rage tsayin bevel (27.1, 26.2 da 25.9 kHz a cikin iska don AX1-3, bi da bi).Matsakaicin yanki \(\rubu {PTE}_{1}\) da \(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1}\) sune \(\kimanin\) 81% da 230 Hz bi da bi.\(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1}\) yana da mafi girman abun ciki na gelatin a cikin Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Lura cewa \(\rubu {FWHM}_{1}\) AX2 a cikin gelatin ba za a iya tantance shi ba saboda ƙarancin girman FRF da aka yi rikodi.
Yankin tsari na biyu: \(f_2 \) ya dogara da nau'in kafofin watsa labarai da aka saka da bevel.Matsakaicin ma'auni \ (f_2 \) sune 29.1, 27.9 da 28.5 kHz a cikin iska, ruwa da gelatin, bi da bi.Wannan yanki na tsarin ya kuma nuna babban PTE na 99%, mafi girman kowane rukuni da aka auna, tare da matsakaicin yanki na 84%.\(\rubutu {FWHM}_{2}\) yana da matsakaicin yanki na \(\kimanin\) 910 Hz.
Yanki na uku: mitar \(f_3 \) ya dogara da nau'in watsa labarai da bevel.Matsakaicin ƙimar \(f_3 \) sune 32.0, 31.0 da 31.3 kHz a cikin iska, ruwa da gelatin, bi da bi.Matsakaicin yanki na \(\ rubutu {PTE}_{3}\) shine \(\kimanin\) 74%, mafi ƙasƙanci na kowane yanki.Matsakaicin yanki \(\rubu {FWHM}_{3}\) shine \(\kimanin\) 1085 Hz, wanda ya fi na farko da na biyu girma.
       Mai zuwa yana nufin siffa.12 da Table 2. Lancet (L) ya juya mafi girma (tare da mahimmanci ga duk shawarwari, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), cimma mafi girma DPR (har zuwa 220 µm /). W a cikin iska). 12 da Table 2. Lancet (L) ya juya mafi girma (tare da mahimmanci ga duk shawarwari, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), cimma mafi girma DPR (har zuwa 220 µm /). W a cikin iska). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 и таблице 2. Ланцет (L) откльше всего ов. . Abubuwan da ke biyo baya sun shafi Hoto 12 da Table 2. Lancet (L) ya ƙaddamar da mafi yawan (tare da mahimmanci ga duk tukwici, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), cimma mafi girma DPR.(har zuwa 220 μm / W a cikin iska).Smt.Hoto na 12 da Table 2 a kasa.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中偏转最多（对所有尖端具有高显着性，\(p<\) 0.017）多（对所有尖端具有高显着性。 (在空气中高达220 µm/W).柳叶刀(L) yana da mafi girman jujjuyawar iska da ruwa (对所记尖端可以高电影性,\(p<\) 0.017) (图12a), kuma ya sami mafi girman DPR (har zuwa 220 inµm/W). iska). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \ (p <\) 0,017) в визигор. наибольшего DPR (до 220 мкм/Вт в воздухе). Lancet (L) ya juya mafi girma (mahimmanci ga duk shawarwari, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), ya kai mafi girma DPR (har zuwa 220 µm / W a cikin iska). A cikin iska, AX1 wanda ke da BL mafi girma, ya karkata sama da AX2-3 (tare da mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (wanda ke da BL mafi ƙanƙanta) ya karkata fiye da AX2 tare da DPR na 190 µm/W. A cikin iska, AX1 wanda ke da BL mafi girma, ya karkata sama da AX2-3 (tare da mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (wanda ke da BL mafi ƙanƙanta) ya karkata fiye da AX2 tare da DPR na 190 µm/W. в в воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p <\) 0,017), тогда как 3 лся больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. A cikin iska, AX1 tare da BL mafi girma ya karkata sama da AX2 – 3 (tare da mahimmanci \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (tare da mafi ƙarancin BL) ya karkata fiye da AX2 tare da DPR 190 μm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL 的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3 2,DPR 为190 µm/W . A cikin iska, jujjuyawar AX1 tare da BL mafi girma ya fi na AX2-3 (mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), kuma karkatar da AX3 (tare da mafi ƙarancin BL) ya fi na AX2, DPR shine 190. µm/W . В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \ (p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 я больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. A cikin iska, AX1 tare da BL mafi girma yana jujjuyawa fiye da AX2-3 (mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (tare da mafi ƙarancin BL) yana jujjuya fiye da AX2 tare da DPR 190 µm/W.A cikin ruwa na 20 mm, ƙaddamarwa da PTE AX1-3 ba su da bambanci sosai (\ (p>\) 0.017).Matakan PTE a cikin ruwa (90.2-98.4%) sun kasance mafi girma fiye da iska (56-77.5%) (Fig. 12c), kuma an lura da abin da ya faru na cavitation a lokacin gwaji a cikin ruwa (Fig. 13, duba kuma ƙarin). bayani).
Adadin jujjuya tip (ma'ana ± SD, n = 5) da aka auna don bevel L da AX1-3 a cikin iska da ruwa (zurfin 20 mm) yana nuna tasirin canza lissafin bevel.An samo ma'auni ta amfani da ci gaba da motsa jiki na sinusoidal.(a) Kololuwa zuwa kololuwar karkata (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) a saman, aunawa a (b) mitocin modal nasu \(f_2\).(c) Canjin wutar lantarki (PTE, RMS, %) na ma'auni.(4) da (d) Fatar wutar lantarki (DPR, µm/W) da aka ƙididdige su azaman ƙwanƙwasa kololuwa da wutar lantarki da ake watsawa \(P_T) (Wrms).
Siffar inuwar inuwar kyamara mai saurin gaske tana nuna ƙwanƙwasa-koloniya (layin kore da jajayen layukan dige-dige) na lancet (L) da tip axisymmetric (AX1-3) a cikin ruwa (zurfin mm 20) sama da rabin zagaye.sake zagayowar, a mitar tashin hankali \(f_2 \) (samfurin mitar 310 kHz).Hoton da aka ɗauka yana da girman pixels 128×128 da girman pixels \(\kimanin\) 5 µm.Ana iya samun bidiyo a ƙarin bayani.
Don haka, mun ƙididdige canjin lanƙwasawa (Fig. 7) kuma mun ƙididdige motsi na injin da za a iya canzawa don haɗuwa da tsayin bututu da chamfer (Fig. 8, 9) don lancet na al'ada, asymmetric da axisymmetric chamfers na siffofi na geometric.Dangane da ƙarshen, mun kiyasta mafi kyawun nisa na 43 mm (ko \ (\ kimanin) 2.75 \ (\lambda _y \) a 29.75 kHz) daga tip zuwa weld, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 5, kuma mun sanya uku axisymmetric. bevels masu tsayi daban-daban.Sannan mun nuna halayen mitar su a cikin iska, ruwa, da 10% (w/v) gelatin ballistic idan aka kwatanta da lancets na al'ada (Figures 10, 11) kuma mun ƙaddara yanayin da ya fi dacewa da kwatancen bevel.A ƙarshe, mun auna jujjuyawar tip ta hanyar lanƙwasa igiyar ruwa a cikin iska da ruwa a zurfin 20 mm kuma mun ƙididdige ingancin canja wurin wutar lantarki (PTE,%) da ma'aunin wutar lantarki (DPR, µm/W) na matsakaicin shigarwa ga kowane bevel.nau'in angular (Fig. 12).
An nuna lissafin juzu'i na allura don rinjayar adadin karkatar da titin allura.Lancet ya sami mafi girman jujjuyawa da mafi girman DPR idan aka kwatanta da bevel axisymmetric tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici (Fig. 12).Ƙaƙwalwar 4 mm axisymmetric bevel (AX1) tare da tsayin tsayi mafi tsayi ya sami matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙididdiga a cikin iska idan aka kwatanta da sauran alluran axisymmetric (AX2-3) (\ (p <0.017 \), Table 2), amma babu wani gagarumin bambanci. .lura lokacin da aka sanya allura a cikin ruwa.Don haka, babu fa'ida a bayyane ga samun tsayin tsayin bevel dangane da jujjuyawar kololuwa a saman.Da wannan a zuciyarsa, sai ya zamana cewa juzu'i na bevel ɗin da aka yi nazari a cikin wannan binciken yana da tasiri mafi girma akan adadin juzu'i fiye da tsayin bevel.Wannan na iya zama saboda lanƙwasawa, misali dangane da girman kauri na kayan da ake lankwasa da ƙirar allura.
A cikin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji, girman girman raƙuman motsin da aka nuna yana shafar yanayin iyaka na tip.Lokacin da aka saka tip ɗin allura a cikin ruwa da gelatin, \(rubutu {PTE}_{2} (\rubutu {PTE}_{2}\) ƙimar sune 73% da 77% na (\rubutu {PTE}_{1}\) da \(\rubutu {PTE}_{3}\), bi da bi (Fig. 11).Wannan yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin canja wurin makamashin sauti zuwa matsakaicin simintin, watau ruwa ko gelatin, yana faruwa a \(f_2\).An lura da irin wannan hali a cikin binciken da ya gabata31 ta yin amfani da tsarin na'ura mafi sauƙi a cikin kewayon mitar 41-43 kHz, wanda marubutan suka nuna dogara ga ma'auni na ƙarfin lantarki a kan injin inji na matsakaicin sakawa.Zurfin shiga32 da kayan inji na nama suna ba da nauyin injin akan allura don haka ana sa ran yin tasiri ga halayen haɓakar UZEFNAB.Don haka, za a iya amfani da algorithms bin diddigin resonance (misali 17, 18, 33) don inganta ƙarfin ƙarar da ake bayarwa ta allura.
Kwaikwayo a lankwasa wavelengths (Fig. 7) yana nuna cewa tip ɗin axisymmetric ya fi tsauri (watau ya fi tsayi a lankwasa) fiye da lankwasa da bevel asymmetric.Dangane da (1) da kuma amfani da sanannen alakar saurin-mita, muna ƙididdige ƙanƙarar lanƙwasawa a ƙarshen allura kamar yadda \ (\ about \) 200, 20 da 1500 MPa don lancet, asymmetric and axial inclined planes, bi da bi.Wannan yayi daidai da \(\lambda_y \) na \(\kimanin\) 5.3, 1.7, da 14.2 mm, bi da bi, a 29.75 kHz (Fig. 7a-c).Idan aka yi la'akari da amincin asibiti yayin USeFNAB, yakamata a tantance tasirin ilimin lissafi akan taurin tsarin jirgin sama34.
Nazarin ma'aunin bevel dangane da tsayin bututu (Fig. 9) ya nuna cewa mafi kyawun kewayon watsawa ya kasance mafi girma ga bevel asymmetric (1.8 mm) fiye da bevel axisymmetric (1.3 mm).Bugu da ƙari, motsi yana da kwanciyar hankali a \ (\ kimanin) daga 4 zuwa 4.5 mm kuma daga 6 zuwa 7 mm don asymmetric da axisymmetric tilts, bi da bi (Fig. 9a, b).An bayyana mahimmancin mahimmancin wannan binciken a cikin jurewar masana'anta, alal misali, ƙaramin kewayon mafi kyawun TL na iya nufin cewa ana buƙatar daidaito mafi girma.A lokaci guda, farantin motsi yana ba da ƙarin haƙuri don zaɓar tsayin tsoma a wani mitar da aka ba tare da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan motsi.
Nazarin ya ƙunshi iyakoki masu zuwa.Aunawa kai tsaye na karkatar da allura ta amfani da gano gefuna da hoto mai saurin gaske (Hoto 12) yana nufin cewa an iyakance mu ga kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri kamar iska da ruwa.Har ila yau, muna so mu nuna cewa ba mu yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje ba don gwada motsin canja wuri da aka kwatanta da kuma akasin haka, amma mun yi amfani da nazarin FEM don ƙayyade tsawon lokaci mafi kyau don ƙirƙirar allura.Game da iyakoki na aiki, tsawon lancet daga tip zuwa hannun riga shine \(\kimanin) 0.4 cm ya fi tsayi fiye da sauran allura (AX1-3), duba fig.3 b.Wannan zai iya rinjayar amsawar modal na ƙirar allura.Bugu da kari, siffa da ƙarar solder a ƙarshen fil ɗin waveguide (duba Hoto 3) na iya shafar injin ƙira na ƙirar fil, gabatar da kurakurai a cikin injin injin da lankwasawa.
A ƙarshe, mun nuna cewa jigon bevel na gwaji yana shafar adadin juyewa a cikin USeFNAB.Idan juzu'i mafi girma zai sami tasiri mai kyau akan tasirin allura akan nama, kamar yankan inganci bayan huda, to ana iya ba da shawarar lancet na al'ada a cikin USeFNAB yayin da yake ba da mafi girman juzu'i yayin da yake kiyaye isassun taurin tsarin..Haka kuma, wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan35 ya nuna cewa mafi girman karkatar da hankali na iya haɓaka tasirin ilimin halitta kamar cavitation, wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe haɓakar aikace-aikacen tiyata kaɗan.Ganin cewa an nuna ƙara yawan ƙarfin sauti don ƙara yawan adadin biopsies a cikin USeFNAB13, ana buƙatar ƙarin nazarin ƙididdiga na yawan samfuri da inganci don tantance cikakkun fa'idodin asibiti na lissafin lissafin allura da aka yi nazari.