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Confocal Laser endoscopy sabuwar hanya ce ta biopsy na gani na ainihin lokaci.Za a iya samun hotuna masu haske na ingancin histological nan take daga epithelium na gabobin da ba su da tushe.A halin yanzu, ana yin sikanin kusa da na'urorin tushen bincike waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a aikin asibiti, tare da iyakancewar sassauci a cikin kulawar mayar da hankali.Muna nuna amfani da na'urar daukar hoto mai jujjuyawar juzu'i wanda aka ɗora a ƙarshen ƙarshen endoscope don aiwatar da jujjuyawar gefe mai sauri.An zana rami a tsakiyar abin nuni don mirgina hanyar haske.Wannan zane yana rage girman kayan aiki zuwa 2.4 mm a diamita da tsayin 10 mm, yana ba da damar wucewa ta gaba ta hanyar tashar aiki na daidaitattun endoscopes na likita.Karamin ruwan tabarau yana ba da ƙuduri na gefe da axial na 1.1 da 13.6 µm, bi da bi.Nisan aiki na 0 µm da filin kallo na 250 µm × 250 µm ana samun su a ƙimar firam har zuwa 20 Hz.Farin ciki a 488 nm yana burge fluorescein, fenti da FDA ta amince da ita don babban bambanci na nama.An sake sarrafa Endoscopes don zagayowar 18 ba tare da gazawa ta amfani da hanyoyin haifuwa da aka yarda da su ba.An samo hotuna masu haske daga mucosa na yau da kullum, adenomas tubular, polyps hyperplastic, ulcerative colitis, da Crohn's colitis a lokacin colonoscopy na yau da kullum.Za a iya gano sel guda ɗaya, ciki har da colonocytes, ƙwayoyin goblet, da ƙwayoyin kumburi.Ana iya bambanta fasalulluka na mucosal kamar tsarin crypt, crypt cavities, da lamina propria.Ana iya amfani da kayan aiki azaman haɗin gwiwa zuwa endoscopy na al'ada.
Confocal Laser endoscopy wani sabon salon hoto ne da ake haɓaka don amfani da asibiti a matsayin haɗin gwiwa zuwa endoscopy na yau da kullun1,2,3.Ana iya amfani da waɗannan na'urori masu sassauƙa, masu haɗin fiber-optic don gano cututtuka a cikin sel epithelial waɗanda ke layi na gabobin gabobin, kamar hanji.Wannan bakin ciki na nama yana aiki sosai kuma shine tushen yawancin hanyoyin cututtuka kamar ciwon daji, kamuwa da cuta, da kumburi.Endoscopy na iya cimma ƙudurin subcellular, yana samar da ainihin lokaci, ingancin kusa-hitological a cikin hotunan vivo don taimakawa likitocin yin yanke shawara na asibiti.Biopsy nama na jiki yana ɗaukar haɗarin zub da jini da ɓarna.Ana yawan tattara samfuran biopsy da yawa ko kaɗan.Kowane samfurin da aka cire yana ƙaruwa farashin tiyata.Yana ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa kafin a tantance samfurin a wurin likitan ilimin cututtuka.A lokacin kwanakin jiran sakamakon ilimin cututtuka, marasa lafiya sukan fuskanci damuwa.Sabanin haka, wasu nau'o'in hoto na asibiti irin su MRI, CT, PET, SPECT, da duban dan tayi ba su da ƙuduri na sararin samaniya da kuma saurin lokaci da ake bukata don ganin tsarin tsarin epithelial a cikin vivo tare da ainihin lokaci, ƙudurin subcellular.
A halin yanzu ana amfani da kayan aiki na tushen bincike (Cellvizio) a asibitoci don yin “biopsy na gani”.Zane ya dogara ne akan bututun fiber optic mai ma'amala da sarari4 wanda ke tattarawa da watsa hotunan kyalli.Jikin fiber guda ɗaya yana aiki azaman “rami” don tace hasken da ba a mayar da hankali ba don ƙudurin salula.Ana yin sikanin kusa da ta amfani da babban galvanometer mai girma.Wannan tanadi yana iyakance ikon kayan aikin sarrafa hankali.Daidaitaccen tsari na ciwon daji na epithelial na farko yana buƙatar hangen nesa a ƙasan nama don tantance mamayewa da ƙayyade maganin da ya dace.Fluorescein, wakili na bambanci da FDA ta amince da shi, ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar jini don haskaka fasalin tsarin epithelium. Wadannan endomicroscopes suna da girma <2.4 mm a diamita, kuma ana iya wucewa gaba cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tashar biopsy na daidaitattun endoscopes na likita. Wadannan endomicroscopes suna da girma <2.4 mm a diamita, kuma ana iya wucewa gaba cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tashar biopsy na daidaitattun endoscopes na likita. Ety эndomykroskopy ymest razmerы <2,4 mm & dyametre da kuma mutut legko provedenы cherez биный h эndoskopov. Wadannan endomicroscopes suna da <2.4 mm a diamita kuma ana iya wucewa cikin sauƙi ta tashar biopsy na daidaitattun endoscopes na likita.Waɗannan na'urorin borescopes ba su da ƙasa da 2.4 mm a diamita kuma cikin sauƙi suna wucewa ta tashar biopsy na daidaitattun kayan aikin likita.Wannan sassauci yana ba da damar yin amfani da aikace-aikacen asibiti da yawa kuma ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga masana'antun endoscope.An gudanar da bincike da yawa na asibiti ta amfani da wannan na'urar hoto, gami da farkon gano cutar daji na esophagus, ciki, hanji, da kuma bakin baki.An haɓaka ka'idojin hoto kuma an kafa amincin tsarin.
Tsarin microelectromechanical (MEMS) fasaha ce mai ƙarfi don ƙirƙira da kera ƙananan hanyoyin dubawa da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarshen ƙarshen endoscopes.Wannan matsayi (dangane da kusanci) yana ba da damar haɓaka mafi girma a cikin sarrafa matsayi na mayar da hankali5,6.Baya ga jujjuyawar gefe, na'ura mai nisa kuma na iya yin sikanin axial, sikanin bayan-bujebuti, da sikanin shiga bazuwar.Waɗannan iyawar suna ba da ƙarin cikakkun tambayoyin tantanin halitta na epithelial, gami da hoto na giciye na tsaye7, babban filin kallo (FOV) 8 na'urar dubawa mara kyau, da ingantaccen aiki a cikin ƙayyadaddun yankuna9.MEMS tana magance matsala mai tsanani na marufi injin binciken tare da iyakataccen sarari da ake samu a ƙarshen kayan aikin.Idan aka kwatanta da manyan galvanometers, MEMS tana ba da kyakkyawan aiki a ƙaramin girman, babban gudu, da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.Za'a iya haɓaka tsarin masana'antu mai sauƙi don samar da taro a ƙananan farashi.Yawancin ƙirar MEMS an riga an ba da rahoton 10,11,12.Har yanzu babu ɗayan fasahohin da aka samar da isassu don ba da damar yaduwar amfani da asibiti na ainihin lokacin a cikin hoton vivo ta hanyar tashar aiki na endoscope na likita.Anan, muna nufin nuna amfani da na'urar daukar hotan takardu ta MEMS a ƙarshen ƙarshen endoscope don in vivo siyan hoton ɗan adam yayin endoscopy na asibiti na yau da kullun.
An haɓaka kayan aikin fiber optic ta amfani da na'urar daukar hotan takardu ta MEMS a ƙarshen nesa don tattara ainihin-lokaci a cikin hotuna masu kyalli na vivo tare da halayen tarihi iri ɗaya.Fiber-mode fiber (SMF) an rufe shi a cikin bututun polymer mai sassauƙa kuma yana jin daɗi a λex = 488 nm.Wannan saitin yana rage tsayin tip mai nisa kuma yana ba shi damar wucewa ta hanyar tashar aiki na daidaitattun endoscopes na likita.Yi amfani da tip don tsakiya na gani.An ƙirƙira waɗannan ruwan tabarau don cimma ƙudurin axial kusan bambanta tare da buɗewar lamba (NA) = 0.41 da nisan aiki = 0 µm13.Ana yin daidaitattun shims don daidaita daidaitattun na'urorin gani 14. Na'urar daukar hotan takardu tana kunshe ne a cikin na'urar endoscope tare da tsinkayar nisa mai tsayi 2.4 mm a diamita da tsayin mm 10 (Fig. 1a).Wadannan ma'auni suna ba da damar yin amfani da shi a cikin aikin asibiti a matsayin kayan haɗi yayin endoscopy (Fig. 1b).Matsakaicin ƙarfin abin da ya faru na Laser akan nama shine 2mW.
Confocal Laser endoscopy (CLE) da MEMS na'urar daukar hotan takardu.Hotunan da ke nuna (a) kayan aikin da aka haɗa tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun nisa na 2.4 mm diamita da tsayin 10 mm da (b) madaidaiciyar hanya ta hanyar aiki na daidaitaccen endoscope na likita (Olympus CF-HQ190L).(c) Duban gaba na na'urar daukar hotan takardu tana nuna mai nuni tare da budewar tsakiya na 50 µm wanda katakon tashin hankali ke wucewa.Ana ɗora na'urar daukar hoto a kan gimbal wanda ke ɗauke da saiti na ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa.An ƙayyade mitar na'urar ta hanyar girman torsion spring.(d) Duba gefen na'urar daukar hotan takardu da ke nuna na'urar daukar hoto da aka dora akan tashoshi tare da wayoyi da ke da alaka da anchors na lantarki wadanda ke ba da wuraren haɗi don tuƙi da siginar wuta.
Na'urar tantancewa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto ta gimbal wanda ke gudana ta hanyar saitin na'urori masu motsa jiki masu ƙarfi don karkatar da katako a gefe (jirgin XY) a cikin tsarin Lissajous (Fig. 1c).Wani rami mai diamita 50 µm an ɗora shi a tsakiya wanda katakon motsa jiki ya wuce.Ana sarrafa na'urar daukar hotan takardu a mitar ƙirar ƙira, wanda za'a iya saurara ta canza ma'auni na torsion spring.An zana anchors na lantarki a gefen na'urar don samar da wuraren haɗi don wutar lantarki da siginar sarrafawa (Fig. 1d).
An ɗora tsarin hoto akan keken hannu mai ɗaukar hoto wanda za'a iya jujjuya shi cikin ɗakin aiki.An ƙera ƙirar mai amfani da hoto don tallafawa masu amfani da ƙarancin ilimin fasaha, kamar likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya.Da hannu duba mitar tuƙi na na'urar daukar hotan takardu, yanayin katako, da hoton FOV.
Gabaɗaya tsayin endoscope yana kusan 4m don ba da damar cikakken izinin kayan aiki ta hanyar tashar aiki na daidaitaccen endoscope na likita (1.68m), tare da ƙarin tsayi don motsawa.A kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarshen, SMF da wayoyi suna ƙarewa a cikin masu haɗawa da ke haɗawa da fiber optic da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tashar tushe.Shigar ya ƙunshi Laser, naúrar tacewa, babban ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki da na'urar gano hoto (PMT).Amplifier yana ba da wutar lantarki da siginonin tuƙi zuwa na'urar daukar hotan takardu.Naúrar tacewa na gani tana haɗa zumuwar laser zuwa SMF kuma ta wuce haske zuwa PMT.
Ana sake sarrafa Endoscopes bayan kowace hanyar asibiti ta amfani da tsarin haifuwa na STERRAD kuma yana iya jure har zuwa hawan keke 18 ba tare da gazawa ba.Don maganin OPA, ba a ga alamun lalacewa ba bayan fiye da zagayowar rigakafin 10.Sakamakon OPA ya zarce na STERRAD, yana ba da shawarar cewa za a iya tsawaita rayuwar endoscopes ta hanyar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayar cuta maimakon sake haifuwa.
An ƙididdige ƙudurin hoto daga aikin watsa batu ta amfani da beads masu kyalli tare da diamita na 0.1 μm.Don ƙuduri na gefe da axial, an auna cikakken nisa a rabin matsakaicin (FWHM) na 1.1 da 13.6 µm, bi da bi, (Fig. 2a, b).
Zaɓuɓɓukan hoto.Matsakaicin gefen (a) da axial (b) na na'urorin mai da hankali ana siffanta su da aikin yada ma'ana (PSF) da aka auna ta amfani da microspheres mai kyalli tare da diamita na 0.1 μm.Cikakken faɗin da aka auna a rabin matsakaicin (FWHM) shine 1.1 da 13.6 µm, bi da bi.Inset: Faɗaɗɗen ra'ayoyi na microsphere guda ɗaya a cikin madaidaicin (XY) da axial (XZ) ana nuna su.(c) Hoton mai walƙiya da aka samo daga ma'auni (USAF 1951) tsiri mai nisa (ja mai launi) yana nuna cewa ƙungiyoyi 7-6 za a iya warware su a fili.(d) Hoton 10 µm diamita tarwatsa microspheres mai kyalli yana nuna filin hoto na 250 µm × 250 µm.PSFs a cikin (a, b) an gina su ta amfani da MATLAB R2019a (https://www.mathworks.com/).(c, d) An tattara hotuna masu kyalli ta amfani da LabVIEW 2021 (https://www.ni.com/).
Hotunan masu walƙiya daga madaidaitan ruwan tabarau na ƙuduri sun bambanta a fili saitin ginshiƙai a cikin ƙungiyoyin 7-6, waɗanda ke kiyaye babban ƙuduri na gefe (Fig. 2c).An ƙaddamar da filin kallo (FOV) na 250 µm × 250 µm daga hotuna na 10 µm diamita na beads masu kyalli da aka tarwatsa a kan sutura (Fig. 2d).
Ana aiwatar da hanyar sarrafa kai don sarrafa PMT da gyare-gyaren lokaci a cikin tsarin hoto na asibiti don rage abubuwan motsi daga endoscopes, peristalsis na hanji, da numfashin haƙuri.An bayyana algorithms na sake gina hoto da sarrafa su a baya14,15.Ribar PMT ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar mai sarrafa daidai-daidaitacce (PI) don hana tsananin jikewa16.Tsarin yana karanta matsakaicin ƙarfin pixel ga kowane firam, yana ƙididdige daidaitattun martani da haɗin kai, kuma yana ƙayyade ƙimar ƙimar PMT don tabbatar da cewa ƙarfin pixel yana cikin kewayon da aka yarda.
Yayin hoton in vivo, rashin daidaiton lokaci tsakanin motsi na na'urar daukar hotan takardu da siginar sarrafawa na iya haifar da blur hoto.Irin waɗannan tasirin na iya faruwa saboda canje-canje a yanayin zafin na'urar a cikin jikin ɗan adam.Hotunan fararen fararen haske sun nuna cewa endoscope yana hulɗa da mucosa na yau da kullun a cikin vivo (Hoto 3a).Ana iya ganin ɓarkewar pixels marasa daidaituwa a cikin ɗanyen hotuna na mucosa na yau da kullun (Hoto na 3b).Bayan jiyya tare da daidaitaccen lokaci da gyare-gyaren bambanci, za a iya bambanta siffofi na subcellular na mucosa (Fig. 3c).Don ƙarin bayani, an nuna hotuna masu mahimmanci da hotuna na ainihi da aka sarrafa a cikin siffa S1, kuma an gabatar da sigogi na sake gina hoton da aka yi amfani da su don ainihin lokaci da kuma bayan aiki a cikin Table S1 da Table S2.
sarrafa hoto.(a) Hoton endoscopic mai faɗin kusurwa yana nuna endoscope (E) wanda aka sanya shi cikin hulɗa da mucosa na yau da kullun (N) don tattarawa a cikin hotuna masu kyalli a cikin vivo bayan gudanarwar fluorescein.(b) Yawo a cikin gatura X da Y yayin dubawa na iya haifar da kuskuren pixels zuwa blush.Don dalilai na nunawa, ana amfani da babban canjin lokaci zuwa ainihin hoton.(c) Bayan gyaran gyare-gyaren lokaci, ana iya tantance cikakkun bayanai na mucosal, ciki har da tsarin crypt (kibiyoyi), tare da tsakiyar lumen (l) kewaye da lamina propria (lp).Ana iya bambanta sel guda ɗaya, ciki har da colonocytes (c), ƙwayoyin goblet (g), da ƙwayoyin kumburi (kibiyoyi).Duba ƙarin bidiyo 1. (b, c) Hotunan da aka sarrafa ta amfani da LabVIEW 2021.
An samo hotuna masu kyalli na confocal a cikin vivo a cikin cututtuka da yawa na colonic don nuna fa'idar aikin asibiti na kayan aiki.Ana fara yin hoton faɗin kusurwa ta amfani da farin haske don gano mucosa mara kyau.Sa'an nan kuma za a ci gaba da endoscope ta hanyar aiki na colonoscope kuma an kawo shi tare da mucosa.
Ana nuna hotunan endoscopy mai fadi, confocal endomicroscopy, da kuma histology (H & E) hotuna don neoplasia na colonic, ciki har da adenoma tubular da hyperplastic polyp. Ana nuna hotunan endoscopy mai fadi, confocal endomicroscopy, da kuma histology (H & E) hotuna don neoplasia na colonic, ciki har da adenoma tubular da hyperplastic polyp. Шиrokopolnaya эndoskopyya, konphokalnaya эndomicroskopyya da gystologicheskie (H&E) включая тубулярную аденому и гиперпластический полип. Ana nuna endoscopy na colonic, confocal endomicroscopy, da kuma hoton tarihi (H&E) don neoplasia na colonic, ciki har da adenoma tubular da hyperplastic polyp.显示结肠肿瘤（包括管状腺瘤和增生性息肉）的广角内窥镜检查、共聚和增生性息肉）织学(H&E) 图像。共计脚肠化(图像管状躰化和增生性息肉) &E) hoto. Широкопльная эndoskopyya, konshokalnaya mikroэndoskopyya da gystologycheskie (H&E) da sauransu и, включая тубулярные аденомы и гиперпластические полипы. Fannin endoscopy na fili, microendoscopy confocal, da hotuna na tarihi (H&E) da ke nuna ciwace-ciwacen hanji, gami da adenomas tubular da polyps na hyperplastic.Tubular adenomas ya nuna asarar tsarin gine-gine na al'ada, raguwa a cikin girman sel na goblet, ɓarna na crypt lumen, da kuma kauri na lamina propria (Fig. 4a-c).Hyperplastic polyps ya nuna stellate gine na crypts, ƴan goblet Kwayoyin, slit-kamar lumen na crypts, da kuma rashin daidaituwa na lamellar crypts (Fig. 4d-f).
Hoton fata mai kauri na mucosal a cikin vivo. Wakilin farin haske endoscopy, confocal endomicroscope, da histology (H&E) hotuna ana nuna su don (ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyp, (gi) ulcerative colitis, da (jl) Crohn's colitis. Wakilin farin haske endoscopy, confocal endomicroscope, da histology (H&E) hotuna ana nuna su don (ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyp, (gi) ulcerative colitis, da (jl) Crohn's colitis. Типичные изображения эndoskopy в belom svete, konshokalnogo эndomykroskopa da gystologi (H&E) pokazy, перпластического полипа, (gi) язвенного колита и (jl) колита Крона. An nuna hotunan endoscopy na farin-haske na yau da kullun, confocal endomicroscope, da histology (H&E) hotuna don (ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyp, (gi) ulcerative colitis, da (jl) Crohn's colitis.显示了(ac) 腺瘤、(df) 增生性息肉、(gi) 溃疡性结肠炎和(jl)查、共聚焦内窥镜检查和组织学( H&E) 图像. Yana nuna公司内肠肠炎性和电视学( H&E ) hoto. Пredstavlenы reprezentatyvnыe эndoskopyya v belom svete, konphokalnaya эndoskopyya da gystologya (ac) da, (ac). полипоза, (gi) язвенного колита и (jl) колита Крона (H&E). Wakilin farin-haske endoscopy, confocal endoscopy, da histology na (ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyposis, (gi) ulcerative colitis, da (jl) Crohn's colitis (H&E) an nuna.(B) yana nuna hoton da aka samu a vivo daga adenoma tubular (TA) ta amfani da endoscope (E).Wannan raunin da ya riga ya faru yana nuna asarar gine-ginen crypt na al'ada (kibiya), murdiya na crypt lumen (l), da cunkoson crypt lamina propria (lp).Colonocytes (c), sel goblet (g), da ƙwayoyin kumburi (kibiyoyi) kuma ana iya gano su.Smt.Ƙarin Bidiyo 2. (e) yana nuna hoton da ya dace da aka samu daga polyp na hyperplastic (HP) a vivo.Wannan rauni mara kyau yana nuna stellate crypt architecture (kibiya), slit-like crypt lumen (l), da lamina propria (lp).Colonocytes (c), sel da yawa na goblet (g) da ƙwayoyin kumburi (kibiyoyi) kuma ana iya gano su.Smt.Ƙarin Bidiyo 3. (h) yana nuna hotuna masu kama da juna da aka samu a cikin ulcerative colitis (UC) a cikin vivo.Wannan yanayin kumburi yana nuna gurɓataccen tsarin gine-ginen crypt (kibiya) da fitattun ƙwayoyin ƙwanƙwasa (g).An fitar da gashin fuka-fukan fluorescein (f) daga sel na epithelial, yana nuna haɓakar haɓakar jijiyoyin jini.Ana ganin ƙwayoyin kumburi da yawa (kibiyoyi) a cikin lamina propria (lp).Smt.Ƙarin Bidiyo 4. (k) yana nuna hoton da aka samu a vivo daga yankin Crohn's colitis (CC).Wannan yanayin kumburi yana nuna gurɓataccen tsarin gine-ginen crypt (kibiya) da fitattun ƙwayoyin ƙwanƙwasa (g).An fitar da gashin fuka-fukan fluorescein (f) daga sel na epithelial, yana nuna haɓakar haɓakar jijiyoyin jini.Ana ganin ƙwayoyin kumburi da yawa (kibiyoyi) a cikin lamina propria (lp).Smt.Ƙarin Bidiyo 5. (b, d, h, l) Hotunan da aka sarrafa ta amfani da LabVIEW 2021.
Ana nuna irin wannan saitin hotuna na kumburi na hanji, ciki har da ulcerative colitis (UC) (Figure 4g-i) da Crohn's colitis (Hoto 4j-l).Ana tsammanin martanin mai kumburin yana da gurbatattun sifofi masu tasowa tare da fitattun ƙwayoyin goblet.An matse Fluorescein daga cikin sel na epithelial, yana nuna ƙarar jijiyoyi.Ana iya ganin adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin kumburi a cikin lamina propria.
Mun nuna aikace-aikacen asibiti na endoscope laser confocal fiber-couped confocal wanda ke amfani da na'urar daukar hotan takardu ta MEMS mai nisa don siyan hoton vivo.A mitar mai ƙarfi, ana iya samun ƙimar firam har zuwa 20 Hz ta amfani da yanayin sikanin Lissajous mai girma don rage kayan tarihi na motsi.Ana naɗe hanyar gani don samar da fadada katako da buɗaɗɗen lamba wanda ya isa ya cimma ƙudurin gefe na 1.1 µm.An samu hotuna masu kyalli na ingancin tarihi a lokacin colonoscopy na yau da kullun na mucosa na yau da kullun, adenomas tubular, polyps hyperplastic, ulcerative colitis, da Crohn's colitis.Za a iya gano sel guda ɗaya, ciki har da colonocytes, ƙwayoyin goblet, da ƙwayoyin kumburi.Ana iya bambanta fasalulluka na mucosal kamar tsarin crypt, crypt cavities, da lamina propria.Madaidaicin kayan masarufi micro-machined ne don tabbatar da daidaitattun daidaitattun kayan aikin gani da injina a cikin diamita na 2.4mm x 10mm tsayin kayan aiki.Zane na gani yana rage tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayi sosai don ba da izinin wucewa kai tsaye ta hanyar daidaitaccen girman (diamita 3.2 mm) tashar aiki a cikin endoscopes na likita.Saboda haka, ba tare da la'akari da masana'anta ba, na'urar na iya amfani da ita sosai ta hanyar likitoci a wurin zama.An yi farin ciki a λex = 488 nm don burge fluorescein, fenti da aka amince da FDA, don samun babban bambanci.An sake sarrafa kayan aikin ba tare da matsala ba don hawan keke 18 ta amfani da hanyoyin haifuwa na asibiti.
Wasu ƙirar kayan aiki guda biyu an inganta su ta asibiti.Cellvizio (Mauna Kea Technologies) endoscope ne na tushen bincike na confocal Laser endoscope (pCLE) wanda ke amfani da tarin igiyoyin fiber na gani na multimode don tattarawa da watsa hotunan kyalli1.Madubin galvo dake kan tashar tushe yana yin duban gefe a ƙarshen kusa.Ana tattara sassan gani a cikin jirgin sama a kwance (XY) tare da zurfin 0 zuwa 70 µm.Ana samun kayan aikin microprobe daga 0.91 (19G allura) zuwa 5 mm a diamita.An cimma ƙuduri na gefe na 1 zuwa 3.5 µm.An tattara hotuna a ƙimar firam na 9 zuwa 12 Hz tare da filin kallo mai girma ɗaya daga 240 zuwa 600 µm.An yi amfani da dandalin a asibiti a wurare daban-daban ciki har da bile duct, mafitsara, hanji, esophagus, huhu, da pancreas.Optiscan Pty Ltd ya haɓaka endoscope-based confocal laser endoscope (eCLE) tare da injin binciken da aka gina a cikin bututun sakawa (ƙarshen nesa) na ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren (EC-3870K, Pentax Precision Instruments) 17.An gudanar da sashin gani ta hanyar amfani da fiber mai nau'i-nau'i guda ɗaya, kuma an gudanar da binciken gefe ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki na cantilever ta hanyar cokali mai yatsa.Ana amfani da mai kunnawa Siffar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa (Nitinol) don ƙirƙirar ƙaura.Jimlar diamita na ƙirar confocal shine 5 mm.Don mayar da hankali, ana amfani da ruwan tabarau na GRIN tare da buɗaɗɗen lamba na NA = 0.6.An samo hotuna a tsaye tare da ƙuduri na gefe da axial na 0.7 da 7 µm, bi da bi, a ƙimar firam na 0.8-1.6 Hz da filin kallo na 500 µm × 500 µm.
Muna nuna ƙudurin subcellular in vivo fluorescence hoto na siye daga jikin ɗan adam ta hanyar endoscope na likita ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta MEMS mai nisa.Fluorescence yana ba da babban bambanci na hoto, kuma ligands waɗanda ke ɗaure ga maƙasudin saman tantanin halitta za a iya lakafta su tare da fluorophores don samar da asalin kwayoyin halitta don ingantaccen ganewar cutar18.Hakanan ana haɓaka wasu fasahohin gani don in vivo microendoscopy. OCT yana amfani da ɗan gajeren tsayin haɗin kai daga tushen hasken faɗaɗa don tattara hotuna a cikin jirgin sama mai zurfi tare da zurfin> 1 mm19. OCT yana amfani da ɗan gajeren tsayin haɗin kai daga tushen hasken faɗaɗa don tattara hotuna a cikin jirgin sama mai zurfi tare da zurfin> 1 mm19. ОКТ использует короткую длину когерентности глубиной > 1 мм19. OCT yana amfani da ɗan gajeren tsayin haɗin kai na tushen hasken faɗaɗa don samun hotuna a cikin jirgin sama na tsaye tare da zurfin> 1 mm zurfin19. OCT 使用宽带光源的短相干长度来收集垂直平面中深度> 1 mm19 的图像。1 mm19 的图像. ОКТ использует короткую длину когерентности альной плоскости. OCT yana amfani da ɗan gajeren tsayin haɗin kai na tushen hasken faɗaɗa don samun hotuna> 1 mm19 a cikin jirgin sama na tsaye.Koyaya, wannan ƙananan bambance-bambancen ya dogara ne akan tarin haske da aka watsar da baya kuma ƙudurin hoto yana iyakance ta takin kayan tarihi.Photoacoustic endoscopy yana haifar da hotuna na vivo dangane da saurin haɓakar thermoelastic a cikin nama bayan ɗaukar bugun bugun laser wanda ke haifar da raƙuman sauti20. Wannan hanyar ta nuna zurfin hoto> 1 cm a cikin hanjin ɗan adam a cikin vivo don saka idanu akan jiyya. Wannan hanyar ta nuna zurfin hoto> 1 cm a cikin hanjin ɗan adam a cikin vivo don saka idanu akan jiyya. 1 смотреть подемонстрировал глубину визуализации Wannan hanyar ta nuna zurfin hoto na> 1 cm a cikin hanjin ɗan adam a cikin vivo don kula da jiyya.这种方法已经证明在体内人结肠中成像深度> 1 厘米以监测治疗。这种方法已经证明在体内人结肠中成像深度> 1 Этот подход был продемонстрирован на глубине изображения > 1 см в толстой кишке человека in vivo для мнгитото. An nuna wannan hanyar a zurfin hoto> 1 cm a cikin hanjin ɗan adam a cikin vivo don saka idanu akan jiyya.Bambance-bambancen yana samuwa ne ta hanyar haemoglobin a cikin vasculature.Multiphoton endoscopy yana haifar da babban bambance-bambancen hotuna masu kyalli lokacin da biyu ko fiye NIR photons suka buga kwayoyin halittun nama a lokaci guda21. Wannan tsarin zai iya cimma zurfin hoto> 1 mm tare da ƙananan phototoxicity. Wannan tsarin zai iya cimma zurfin hoto> 1 mm tare da ƙananan phototoxicity. Этот подход может обеспечить глубину изображения > 1 mm с Wannan tsarin zai iya samar da zurfin hoto> 1 mm tare da ƙananan phototoxicity.这种方法可以实现>1 毫米的成像深度，光毒性低。这种方法可以实现>1 毫米的成像深度，光毒性低。 Этот подход может обеспечить глубину изображения > 1 mm с Wannan tsarin zai iya samar da zurfin hoto> 1 mm tare da ƙananan phototoxicity.Ana buƙatar bugun laser mai ƙarfi na femtosecond kuma ba a tabbatar da wannan hanyar ta asibiti ba yayin endoscopy.
A cikin wannan samfuri, na'urar daukar hoto tana yin jujjuyawar gefe ne kawai, don haka ɓangaren gani yana cikin jirgin sama a kwance (XY).Na'urar tana da ikon yin aiki a mafi girman ƙimar firam (20 Hz) fiye da madubin galvanic (12 Hz) a cikin tsarin Cellvizio.Ƙara ƙimar firam don rage kayan tarihi masu motsi da rage ƙimar firam don haɓaka siginar.Ana buƙatar algorithms masu sauri da atomatik don rage manyan kayan aikin motsi waɗanda ke haifar da motsin endoscopic, motsin numfashi, da motsin hanji.An nuna na'urorin daukar hoto na parametric don cimma matsayar axial fiye da ɗaruruwan microns22. Za a iya tattara hotuna a cikin jirgin sama na tsaye (XZ), daidai da yanayin mucosal, don samar da ra'ayi iri ɗaya kamar na tarihin tarihi (H&E). Za a iya tattara hotuna a cikin jirgin sama na tsaye (XZ), daidai da yanayin mucosal, don samar da ra'ayi iri ɗaya kamar na tarihin tarihi (H&E). Изображения могут быть получены в вертикальной плоскости (XZ), такое же изображение, как при гистологии (H&E). Ana iya ɗaukar hotuna a cikin jirgin sama na tsaye (XZ) daidai da saman mucosal don samar da hoto iri ɗaya kamar a cikin tarihin tarihi (H&E).可以在垂直于粘膜表面的垂直平面(XZ) 中收集图像，以提供与组织学(H&E)可以在垂直于粘膜表面的垂直平面(XZ) 中收集图像，以提供与组织学(H&E) Изображения могут быть получены в вертикальной плоскости (XZ), такое же изображение, как при гистологическом исследовании (H&E). Ana iya ɗaukar hotuna a cikin jirgin sama na tsaye (XZ) daidai da saman mucosal don samar da hoto iri ɗaya kamar gwajin tarihi (H&E).Ana iya sanya na'urar daukar hotan takardu a matsayi na gaba-gaba inda hasken haske ya faɗi tare da babban axis na gani don rage hankali ga ɓarna8.Kusan iyakantaccen juzu'i mai ma'ana na iya karkata akan manyan fagagen gani sabani.Ana iya yin sikanin samun damar bazuwar don karkatar da masu nuni zuwa fayyace ma'anar mai amfani9.Za a iya rage filin ra'ayi don haskaka wuraren da ba su dace ba na hoton, inganta siginar-zuwa-amo, bambanci, da ƙimar firam.Ana iya samar da na'urori masu yawa ta hanyar amfani da matakai masu sauƙi.Ana iya yin ɗaruruwan na'urori akan kowane siliki siliki don haɓaka samarwa don samar da ƙarancin ƙima da rarrabawa mai faɗi.
Hanyar haske mai naɗewa yana rage girman ƙaƙƙarfan tip mai nisa, yana sauƙaƙa amfani da endoscope azaman kayan haɗi yayin colonoscopy na yau da kullun.A cikin hotuna masu kyalli da aka nuna, ana iya ganin sifofin ƙananan ƙwayoyin mucosa don rarrabe adenomas tubular (precancerous) daga hyperplastic polyps (benign).Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa endoscopy na iya rage adadin biopsies marasa amfani23.Za'a iya rage rikice-rikice na gaba ɗaya tare da tiyata, za'a iya inganta tazarar sa ido, kuma za'a iya rage yawan nazarin tarihi na ƙananan raunuka.Mun kuma nuna a vivo hotuna na marasa lafiya da ciwon kumburin hanji, ciki har da ulcerative colitis (UC) da Crohn's colitis.Fararen colonoscopy na al'ada na haske yana ba da kallon macroscopic na saman mucosal tare da iyakacin iyaka don tantance warkar da mucosal daidai.Ana iya amfani da endoscopy a cikin vivo don kimanta ingancin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali kamar ƙwayoyin rigakafi na TNF24.Daidaitaccen kima a cikin vivo kuma yana iya ragewa ko hana sake kamuwa da cuta da rikitarwa kamar tiyata da inganta rayuwa.Ba a sami rahoton wani mummunan halayen halayen ba a cikin binciken asibiti da ke da alaƙa da amfani da endoscopes mai ɗauke da fluorescein a cikin vivo25. Ƙarfin Laser akan saman mucosal yana iyakance zuwa <2mW don rage haɗarin rauni na thermal kuma saduwa da buƙatun FDA don haɗarin da ba shi da mahimmanci26 a cikin 21 CFR 812. Ƙarfin laser akan saman mucosal yana iyakance zuwa <2mW don rage haɗarin rauni na thermal da saduwa da buƙatun FDA don haɗarin da ba shi da mahimmanci26 a cikin 21 CFR 812. Мощность лазера на поверхности слизистой оболочки была ограничена до соответствовать требованиям FDA относительно незначительного риска26 согласно 21 CFR 812. Ikon Laser a saman mucosal an iyakance shi zuwa <2mW don rage haɗarin lalacewar thermal da saduwa da buƙatun FDA don haɗarin rashin ƙarfi26 ƙarƙashin 21 CFR 812.粘膜表面的激光功率限制在<2 mW，以最大限度地降低热损伤风险，并满足FDA 21 CFR 展开要求.粘膜表面的激光功率限制在<2 mW Мощность лазера на поверхности слизистой оболочки была ограничена до FDA 21 CFR 812 относительно незначительного риска26. Ikon Laser a saman mucosal an iyakance shi zuwa <2mW don rage haɗarin lalacewar thermal kuma saduwa da buƙatun FDA 21 CFR 812 don haɗarin rashin ƙarfi26.
Za'a iya canza ƙirar kayan aikin don inganta ingancin hoto.Akwai na'urori na gani na musamman don rage ɓarnawar yanayi, haɓaka ƙudurin hoto da ƙara nisan aiki.Ana iya kunna SIL don mafi dacewa daidai da ma'anar refractive na nama (~ 1.4) don inganta haɗin haske.Ana iya daidaita mitar tuƙi don ƙara kusurwar gefen na'urar daukar hotan takardu da faɗaɗa filin kallon hoton.Kuna iya amfani da hanyoyin atomatik don cire firam ɗin hoto tare da gagarumin motsi don rage wannan tasirin.Za a yi amfani da tsararrun tsarin kofa (FPGA) tare da sayan bayanai masu sauri don samar da babban aiki na ainihin cikakken tsarin gyara.Don ƙarin amfani na asibiti, hanyoyin sarrafa kansa dole ne su daidaita canjin lokaci da kayan aikin motsi don fassarar hoto na ainihin lokaci.Za'a iya aiwatar da na'urar daukar hoto na axial 3-axis parametric resonant na'urar daukar hotan takardu don gabatar da sikanin axial 22. An ƙirƙira waɗannan na'urori don cimma ƙaura a tsaye wanda ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba> 400 µm ta hanyar daidaita mitar tuƙi a cikin tsarin mulkin da ke fasalta gaurayawan sassauƙa / ƙarfafa ƙarfi27. An ƙirƙira waɗannan na'urori don cimma ƙaura a tsaye wanda ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba> 400 µm ta hanyar daidaita mitar tuƙi a cikin tsarin mulkin da ke fasalta gaurayawan sassauƙa / ƙarfafa ƙarfi27. Эty ustroystva были разработаны для достижения беспретения в режиме, который характеризуется смешанной динамикой смягчения/жесткости27. An ƙirƙira waɗannan na'urori don cimma matsaya a tsaye na> 400 µm ta hanyar saita mitar tuƙi a cikin yanayin da ke da alaƙa da gauraye mai laushi/harddynamics27.这些设备的开发是为了通过在具有混合软化/硬化动力学的状态下调整驱动频可整驱动频可整驱动频华整驱动频可整驱动频剪整驱动频华00 µm 的垂直位移27.这些 设备 的 开发 是 为了 在 具有 混合 软化 硬化> 400 µm 的 垂直 位移 27. Эти устройства были разработаны для достижения беспрения ежиме со смешанной кинетикой размягчения/затвердевания27. An ƙirƙira waɗannan na'urori don cimma ƙaura a tsaye waɗanda ba a taɓa ganin irin su ba> 400 µm ta daidaita mitar faɗakarwa a cikin yanayin taushi da taurin kai27.A nan gaba, hoto mai jujjuyawar tsaye zai iya taimakawa wajen tantance ciwon daji na farko (T1a).Za'a iya aiwatar da da'ira mai ƙarfi don bin diddigin motsi na na'urar daukar hotan takardu da kuma daidaita canjin lokaci 28.Daidaita lokaci ta atomatik ta amfani da da'irar firikwensin na iya maye gurbin daidaita kayan aikin hannu kafin amfani.Ana iya inganta amincin kayan aiki ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun dabarun rufe kayan aiki don ƙara yawan zagayowar sarrafawa.Fasahar MEMS ta yi alƙawarin haɓaka amfani da endoscopes don ganin epithelium na gabobin da ba su da tushe, gano cuta, da lura da jiyya ta hanya kaɗan.Tare da ci gaba da ci gaba, wannan sabon salon hoto zai iya zama mafita mai sauƙi don amfani da shi azaman haɗin gwiwa ga endoscopes na likita don nazarin tarihin tarihi nan da nan kuma zai iya maye gurbin nazarin ilimin cututtuka na gargajiya.
Ray tracing simulations an yi ta amfani da ZEMAX na gani zane software (version 2013) domin sanin ma'auni na mayar da hankali optics.Sharuɗɗan ƙira sun haɗa da ƙudurin axial kusa-rarrabuwa, nisan aiki = 0 µm, da filin kallo (FOV) mafi girma fiye da 250 × 250 µm2.Don tashin hankali a tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa λex = 488 nm, an yi amfani da fiber-mode fiber (SMF).Ana amfani da nau'i-nau'i na achromatic don rage bambance-bambancen tarin haske (Hoto 5a).Ƙarƙashin yana wucewa ta SMF tare da diamita na filin yanayi na 3.5 μm kuma ba tare da yankewa ya wuce ta tsakiyar mai nunawa tare da diamita na 50 μm ba.Yi amfani da ruwan tabarau mai nitsewa mai ƙarfi (hemispherical) tare da babban maƙasudin refractive (n = 2.03) don rage ɓarnar ɓarna da ke faruwa da kuma tabbatar da cikakkiyar lamba tare da saman mucosal.Mayar da hankali optics yana ba da jimillar NA = 0.41, inda NA = nsinα, n shine ma'aunin daidaitawa na nama, α shine matsakaicin kusurwar haɗin katako.Matsakaicin iyaka-iyakance na gefe da ƙudurin axial sune 0.44 da 6.65 µm, bi da bi, ta amfani da NA = 0.41, λ = 488 nm, da n = 1.3313.Samfuran ruwan tabarau na kasuwanci kawai tare da diamita na waje (OD) ≤ 2 mm an yi la'akari da su.Hanyar gani tana naɗewa, kuma katakon da ke barin SMF ya wuce ta tsakiyar buɗewar na'urar daukar hotan takardu kuma ana nuna shi baya ta madaidaiciyar madubi (0.29 mm a diamita).Wannan saitin yana gajarta tsayin tsayayyen ƙarshen ƙarshen don sauƙaƙe nassi na gaba na endoscope ta hanyar ma'auni (diamita 3.2 mm) tashar aiki na endoscopes na likita.Wannan fasalin yana sauƙaƙa don amfani azaman kayan haɗi yayin endoscopy na yau da kullun.
Jagorar haske mai ninkewa da marufi na endoscope.(a) Ƙaƙwalwar motsa jiki ta fita daga OBC kuma ta wuce ta tsakiyar budewar na'urar daukar hotan takardu.An faɗaɗa katako kuma yana nunawa daga kafaffen madubin madauwari baya cikin na'urar daukar hoto don jujjuyawa ta gefe.Na'urorin da aka mai da hankali sun ƙunshi nau'ikan ruwan tabarau na achromatic biyut da ingantaccen ruwan tabarau na nutsewa (hemispherical) yana ba da lamba tare da saman mucosal.ZEMAX 2013 (https://www.zemax.com/) don ƙira na gani da kuma simulation na ray.(b) Yana nuna wurin kayan aikin kayan aiki daban-daban, gami da fiber yanayin guda ɗaya (SMF), na'urar daukar hotan takardu, madubai, da ruwan tabarau.An yi amfani da Solidworks 2016 (https://www.solidworks.com/) don yin ƙirar 3D na marufi na endoscope.
An yi amfani da SMF (#460HP, Thorlabs) tare da diamita na filin yanayi na 3.5 µm a tsawon zangon 488 nm azaman "rami" don tace sararin samaniya na hasken da ba a mayar da hankali ba (Fig. 5b).Ana rufe SMFs a cikin bututun polymer masu sassauƙa (#Pebax 72D, Nordson MEDICAL).Ana amfani da tsayin kusan mita 4 don tabbatar da isasshen nisa tsakanin majiyyaci da tsarin hoto.An yi amfani da ruwan tabarau na 2mm MgF2 mai rufaffiyar achromatic doublet ruwan tabarau (#65568, #65567, Edmund Optics) da ruwan tabarau mara rufi na 2 mm (#90858, Edmund Optics) don mai da hankali kan katako da tattara haske.Saka bututun ƙarshen bakin karfe (tsawo 4 mm, 2.0 mm OD, ID na 1.6 mm) tsakanin guduro da bututun waje don ware girgizar na'urar daukar hotan takardu.Yi amfani da mannen likita don kare kayan aiki daga ruwan jiki da hanyoyin kulawa.Yi amfani da bututu mai rage zafi don kare masu haɗin.
An yi ƙaramin na'urar daukar hoto akan ka'idar resonance mai ma'ana.Haɗa buɗaɗɗen 50 µm a tsakiyar mai nuni don watsa katakon tashin hankali.Yin amfani da saitin injunan tuƙi mai ɗaci huɗu, faɗaɗɗen katako yana jujjuya shi ta hanyar juzu'i (jirgin XY) a yanayin Lissajous.An yi amfani da allon sayan bayanai (#DAQ PCI-6115, NI) don samar da siginar analog don sarrafa na'urar daukar hotan takardu.An samar da wutar lantarki ta babban ƙarfin ƙararrawa (#PDm200, PiezoDrive) ta hanyar wayoyi masu bakin ciki (#B4421241, MWS Wire Industries).Yi wayoyi a kan ƙulla wutar lantarki.Na'urar daukar hotan takardu tana aiki a mitoci kusa da 15 kHz (axis mai sauri) da 4 kHz (slow axis) don cimma FOV har zuwa 250 µm × 250 µm.Ana iya harba bidiyo a kan ƙimar firam na 10, 16, ko 20 Hz.Ana amfani da waɗannan ƙimar firam ɗin don dacewa da ƙimar maimaitawa na ƙirar sikanin Lissajous, wanda ya dogara da ƙimar mitar motsin X da Y na na'urar daukar hotan takardu29.Cikakkun bayanai na cinikin-offs tsakanin firam, ƙudurin pixel, da ƙimar ƙira an gabatar da su a cikin aikinmu na baya14.
Laser mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (#OBIS 488 LS, mai daidaitawa) yana ba da λex = 488 nm don burge fluorescein don bambancin hoto (Fig. 6a).Ana haɗa pigtails na gani zuwa naúrar tacewa ta hanyar haɗin FC/APC (asarar 1.82 dB) (Fig. 6b).Ana karkatar da katako ta madubi dichroic (#WDM-12P-111-488/500:600, Oz Optics) a cikin SMF ta wani mai haɗin FC/APC.Dangane da 21 CFR 812, ikon abin da ya faru zuwa nama yana iyakance zuwa iyakar 2mW don saduwa da buƙatun FDA don haɗari mara kyau.Fluorescence an wuce ta madubi dichroic da kuma doguwar tace watsawa (#BLP01-488R, Semrock).An watsa fluorescence zuwa na'urar gano bututu (PMT) (#H7422-40, Hamamatsu) ta hanyar haɗin FC/PC ta amfani da fiber multimode mai tsayi ~ 1 m tare da diamita 50 µm.An haɓaka siginonin mai walƙiya tare da babban maɗaukaki na yanzu (#59-179, Edmund Optics).An ƙirƙira software na musamman (LabVIEW 2021, NI) don sayan bayanai na ainihin lokaci da sarrafa hoto.Ƙarfin laser da saitunan samun PMT an ƙaddara ta microcontroller (#Arduino UNO, Arduino) ta amfani da allon da'ira na musamman da aka buga.SMF da wayoyi suna ƙarewa a cikin masu haɗawa kuma suna haɗawa zuwa tashar fiber optic (F) da wayoyi (W) tashar jiragen ruwa akan tashar tushe (Figure 6c).Tsarin hoto yana ƙunshe a kan keken hannu mai ɗaukar hoto (Hoto na 6d). An yi amfani da taswirar keɓewa don iyakance ɗigogi na yanzu zuwa <500 μA. An yi amfani da taswirar keɓewa don iyakance ɗigogi na yanzu zuwa <500 μA. Для ограничения тока утечки до <500 мкА An yi amfani da taswirar keɓewa don iyakance ɗigogi a halin yanzu zuwa <500 µA.使用隔离变压器将泄漏电流限制在<500 μA。 <500 μA. Используйте изолирующий трансформатор, чтобы ограничить ток утечки до <500 мкА. Yi amfani da taswirar keɓewa don iyakance ɗigogi na yanzu zuwa <500µA.
tsarin gani.(a) PMT, Laser da amplifier suna cikin tashar tushe.(b) A cikin bankin tacewa, Laser (blue) yana tuƙi akan kebul na fiber optic ta hanyar haɗin FC/APC.Ana juyar da katako ta hanyar madubi dichroic (DM) zuwa fiber yanayin guda ɗaya (SMF) ta hanyar haɗin FC/APC na biyu.Fluorescence (kore) yana tafiya ta cikin DM da kuma dogon wucewa tace (LPF) zuwa PMT ta hanyar multimode fiber (MMF).(c) Matsakaicin ƙarshen endoscope an haɗa shi da fiber optic (F) da wayoyi (W) tashoshin tashar tushe.(d) Endoscope, duba, tashar tushe, kwamfuta, da keɓancewa a kan keken hannu.(a, c) An yi amfani da Solidworks 2016 don ƙirar 3D na tsarin hoto da abubuwan endoscope.
An auna ƙuduri na gefe da axial na na'urorin mai da hankali daga aikin watsa madaidaicin microspheres (#F8803, Thermo Fisher Scientific) 0.1µm a diamita.Tattara hotuna ta hanyar fassara microspheres a kwance da a tsaye a cikin matakan 1µm ta amfani da matakin layi (# M-562-XYZ, DM-13, Newport).Tarin hoto ta amfani da ImageJ2 don samun hotunan giciye na microspheres.
An ƙirƙira software na musamman (LabVIEW 2021, NI) don sayan bayanai na ainihin lokaci da sarrafa hoto.A kan fig.7 yana nuna bayyani na ayyukan yau da kullun da ake amfani da su don sarrafa tsarin.Ƙwararren mai amfani ya ƙunshi sayan bayanai (DAQ), babban kwamiti da panel mai sarrafawa.Kwamitin tattara bayanan yana hulɗa tare da babban kwamiti don tattarawa da adana albarkatun ɗan adam, samar da shigarwa don saitunan tarin bayanai na al'ada, da sarrafa saitunan direba na na'urar daukar hotan takardu.Babban kwamitin yana bawa mai amfani damar zaɓar tsarin da ake so don amfani da ƙarshen ƙarshen, gami da siginar sarrafa na'urar daukar hoto, ƙimar firam ɗin bidiyo, da sigogin saye.Wannan rukunin kuma yana ba mai amfani damar nunawa da sarrafa haske da bambanci na hoton.Yin amfani da danyen bayanai azaman shigarwa, algorithm yana ƙididdige madaidaicin saitin riba don PMT kuma yana daidaita wannan siga ta atomatik ta amfani da tsarin sarrafa ra'ayi mai daidaituwa (PI) 16.Kwamitin kulawa yana hulɗa tare da babban jirgi da kuma bayanan sayan bayanai don sarrafa ikon laser da kuma samun PMT.
Tsarin gine-ginen software.Ƙididdigar mai amfani ta ƙunshi kayayyaki (1) sayen bayanai (DAQ), (2) babban panel da (3) panel mai sarrafawa.Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna gudana a lokaci ɗaya kuma suna sadarwa da juna ta hanyar layin saƙo.Makullin shine MEMS: Tsarin Microelectromechanical, TDMS: Gudun Kula da Bayanai na Fasaha, PI: Daidaituwar Integral, PMT: Photomultiplier.Ana ajiye fayilolin hoto da bidiyo a cikin tsarin BMP da AVI, bi da bi.
Ana amfani da algorithm ɗin gyaran lokaci don ƙididdige rarrabuwar kawuna na intensities na hoto a ma'auni daban-daban don tantance iyakar ƙimar da aka yi amfani da ita don kaifafa hoton.Don gyaran lokaci na ainihi, kewayon sikanin lokaci shine ± 2.86° tare da ƙaramin mataki na 0.286° don rage lokacin ƙidayawa.Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da sassan hoton tare da ƴan samfurori yana ƙara rage lokacin lissafin hoton hoto daga 7.5 seconds (1 Msample) zuwa 1.88 seconds (250 Ksample) a 10 Hz.An zaɓi waɗannan sigogin shigarwa don samar da isassun ingancin hoto tare da ƙarancin jinkiri yayin hoton in vivo.Ana yin rikodin hotuna da bidiyo kai tsaye a cikin tsarin BMP da AVI, bi da bi.Ana adana danyen bayanan a cikin Tsarin Gudanar da Bayanan Fasaha (TMDS).
Bayan aiwatar da hotuna a cikin vivo don ingantaccen inganci tare da LabVIEW 2021. Ana iyakance daidaito lokacin amfani da algorithms gyara lokaci yayin hoton in vivo saboda dogon lokacin ƙididdigewa da ake buƙata.Iyakantattun wuraren hoto da lambobi samfurin kawai ana amfani da su.Bugu da ƙari, algorithm ba ya aiki da kyau don hotuna tare da kayan aikin motsi ko ƙananan bambanci kuma yana haifar da kurakuran lissafin lokaci30.Firam guda ɗaya tare da babban bambanci kuma babu kayan aikin motsi da hannu aka zaɓi don daidaitawa mai kyau tare da kewayon sikanin lokaci na ± 0.75° a cikin matakan 0.01°.An yi amfani da duk wurin hoton (misali, 1 Samfurin hoto da aka yi rikodin a 10 Hz).Tebura S2 yayi cikakken bayani game da sigogin hoton da aka yi amfani da su don ainihin-lokaci da aiwatarwa.Bayan gyaran lokaci, ana amfani da tace tsaka-tsaki don ƙara rage hayaniyar hoto.Ana ƙara haɓaka haske da bambanci ta hanyar miƙewar histogram da gyaran gamma31.
Hukumar Kula da Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya ta Michigan ta amince da gwajin asibiti kuma an gudanar da su a cikin Sashen Kula da Lafiya.An yi rajistar wannan binciken akan layi tare da ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03220711, kwanan rajista: 07/18/2017).Sharuɗɗan haɗawa sun haɗa da marasa lafiya (shekaru 18 zuwa 100) tare da tsarin zaɓen da aka tsara a baya, haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata, da tarihin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta.An sami sanarwar izini daga kowane batu da ya yarda ya shiga.Sharuɗɗan keɓancewa sun kasance marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da juna biyu, suna da sananniya mai tsauri ga fluorescein, ko kuma suna jurewa aikin chemotherapy ko maganin radiation.Wannan binciken ya haɗa da marasa lafiya a jere da aka tsara don colonoscopy na yau da kullum kuma ya kasance wakilin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Michigan.An gudanar da binciken ne bisa ga sanarwar Helsinki.
Kafin a yi aiki, ƙididdige endoscope ta amfani da beads masu kyalli na 10 µm (#F8836, Thermo Fisher Scientific) wanda aka saka a cikin ƙirar silicone.An zubar da silinda mai jujjuyawar siliki (#RTV108, Momentive) a cikin bugu na 3D da aka buga 8 cm3.Zuba beads na ruwa mai kyalli akan silicone kuma barin har sai matsakaicin ruwa ya bushe.
An bincika gabaɗayan hanjin ta amfani da daidaitaccen ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (Olympus, CF-HQ190L) tare da hasken farin haske.Bayan endoscopist ya ƙayyade yankin da ake zargi da cutar, an wanke wurin da 5-10 ml na 5% acetic acid, sa'an nan kuma tare da ruwa mai tsabta don cire ƙumburi da tarkace.Wani nau'in 5 ml na 5 mg / ml fluorescein (Alcon, Fluorescite) an yi masa allura ta cikin jini ko kuma a fesa shi a kan mucosa ta amfani da ma'auni na cannula (M00530860, Boston Scientific) wanda aka ratsa ta tashar aiki.
Yi amfani da mai ban ruwa don zubar da rini mai yawa ko tarkace daga saman mucosal.Cire catheter nebulizing kuma wuce endoscope ta tashar aiki don samun hotunan ante-mortem.Yi amfani da jagorar endoscopic mai faɗin filin don sanya titin nesa a yankin da aka yi niyya. Jimlar lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don tattara hotuna masu ma'ana shine <10min. Jimlar lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don tattara hotuna masu ma'ana shine <10min. Общее время, затраченное на сбор конфокальных изображений, составило <10 мин. Jimlar lokacin da aka ɗauka don tattara hotuna masu ɓarna shine <10min.Jimlar lokacin siye don hotuna masu ɓoye bai wuce mintuna 10 ba.An sarrafa bidiyon farin haske na Endoscopic ta amfani da tsarin hoton Olympus EVIS EXERA III (CLV-190) kuma an yi rikodin ta amfani da mai rikodin bidiyo na Elgato HD.Yi amfani da LabVIEW 2021 don yin rikodi da adana bidiyon endoscopy.Bayan an kammala hoton, an cire endoscope kuma ana fitar da nama da za a iya gani ta hanyar amfani da karfin biopsy ko tarko. An sarrafa kyallen don tarihin tarihi na yau da kullun (H&E), kuma ƙwararren GI pathologist (HDA) ya kimanta. An sarrafa kyallen don tarihin tarihi na yau da kullun (H&E), kuma ƙwararren GI pathologist (HDA) ya kimanta. Тkandy obrabotanы dlya obыchnoy гиstolologii (H&E) da kuma otsenenы эkspertom-patologom zheludochno-kyshech (Ad). An sarrafa nama don tarihin tarihi na yau da kullun (H&E) kuma ƙwararrun likitan cututtukan gastrointestinal (HDA) ya tantance su.对组织进行常规组织学(H&E) 处理，并由专家GI 病理学家(HDA) 进行评估。对组织进行常规组织学(H&E) 处理，并由专家GI 病理学家(HDA) 进行评估。 Тkandy obrabotanы dlya obыchnoy гиstolologii (H&E) da kuma otsenenы эkspertom-patologom zheludochno-kyshech (Ad). An sarrafa nama don tarihin tarihi na yau da kullun (H&E) kuma ƙwararrun likitan cututtukan gastrointestinal (HDA) ya tantance su.An tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin na fluorescein ta amfani da na'urar sikeli (USB2000+, Ocean Optics) kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto S2.
Endoscopes suna haifuwa bayan kowane amfani da mutane (Fig. 8).An gudanar da hanyoyin tsaftacewa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin da amincewar Ma'aikatar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Michigan da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Tsakiya. Kafin binciken, an gwada kayan aikin kuma an inganta su don haifuwa ta Advanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ke ba da rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da sabis na tabbatar da haifuwa. Kafin binciken, an gwada kayan aikin kuma an inganta su don haifuwa ta Advanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ke ba da rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da sabis na tabbatar da haifuwa. Перед исследованием инструменты были протестированы и одобрены для стерилизаци компанией Advanced Sterilization Products & Johnson (ASP, Johnson). ией, предоставляюще услуги по профилактике Kafin binciken, an gwada kayan aikin kuma an yarda da su don haifuwa ta Advanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ke ba da rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da sabis na tabbatar da haifuwa. Перед исследованием инструменты были стерилизованы и проверены Advanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), коммястой услуги по профилактике инфекций и проверке стерилизации. An haifuwa da kuma bincika kayan aikin kafin binciken Advanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), ƙungiyar kasuwanci ce da ke ba da rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da sabis na tabbatar da haifuwa.
Sake amfani da kayan aiki.(a) Ana sanya endoscopes a cikin trays bayan kowace haifuwa ta amfani da tsarin sarrafa STERRAD.(b) An ƙare SMF da wayoyi tare da haɗin fiber optic da lantarki, bi da bi, waɗanda aka rufe kafin a sake sarrafawa.
Tsaftace endoscopes ta hanyar yin haka: (1) goge endoscope tare da zane mai laushi wanda aka jiƙa a cikin mai tsabtace enzymatic daga kusanci zuwa nesa;(2) Zuba kayan aiki a cikin maganin sabulu na enzymatic na minti 3 da ruwa.lint-free masana'anta.Ana rufe masu haɗin wutar lantarki da fiber optic kuma an cire su daga mafita;(3) An nannade endoscope kuma an sanya shi a cikin tire na kayan aiki don haifuwa ta amfani da STERRAD 100NX, plasma hydrogen peroxide gas.in mun gwada da ƙananan zafin jiki da ƙananan yanayin zafi.
Rubutun bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da/ko aka yi nazari a cikin binciken na yanzu suna samuwa daga mawallafa bisa ga buƙatu mai ma'ana.
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